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. 2023 Jan 18;45(2):852–884. doi: 10.3390/cimb45020056

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of mTOR mRNA expression; (b) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of IL-1β mRNA expression; (c) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of IL-6 mRNA expression; (d) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of TNF-α mRNA expression; (e) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of IKKβ mRNA expression; Each bar depicts the mean ± SEM of eight rats, with p < 0.05 designating statistically significant differences between the groups as follows: p—control; q—diabetes; r—T2DM rats + C. papaya.

(a) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of mTOR mRNA expression; (b) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of IL-1β mRNA expression; (c) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of IL-6 mRNA expression; (d) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of TNF-α mRNA expression; (e) Effect of C. papaya in control and treated T2DM rats, in terms of the levels of IKKβ mRNA expression; Each bar depicts the mean ± SEM of eight rats, with p < 0.05 designating statistically significant differences between the groups as follows: p—control; q—diabetes; r—T2DM rats + C. papaya.