Table 1.

Summary of published mitochondrial microprotein studies-related to exercise and muscle function.

	Stimulation	Term	Observation	Tissue	Reference
MOTS-c	MOTS-c	Chronic	Improves insulin resistance	Mouse muscle	Lee et al. [16]
	MOTS-c	Chronic	Improves glucose metabolism	Mouse muscle	Zempo and Kim et al. [21]
	K14Q MOTS-c	Chronic	No difference	Mouse muscle	Zempo and Kim et al. [21]
	MOTS-c	Acute	Increases exercise endurance	Mouse muscle	Hyatt. [103]
	MOTS-c	Chronic	Increases exercise endurance	Mouse muscle	Reynolds et al. [100]
	MOTS-c	Chronic	Prevents muscle wasting	Mouse muscle	Reynolds et al. [100]
	MOTS-c	Chronic	Improves muscle strength	Mouse muscle	Reynolds et al. [100]
	MOTS-c	Chronic	Supresses myostatin expression	Mouse muscle	Kumagai et al. [99]
	MOTS-c	Chronic	Prevents muscle wasting	Mouse muscle	Kumagai et al. [99]
	MOTS-c antibody	Chronic	Increases myosin heavy chain-fast	Mouse muscle	Kumagai et al. [22]
	AEx	Chronic	Increases MOTS-c	Mouse hypothalamus	Kang et al. [104]
	AEx	Chronic	Increases MOTS-c	Rat muscle	Hyatt. [103]
	HIIT	Acute	Increases MOTS-c	Human muscle and blood	Reynolds et al. [100]
	AEx	Acute	No difference	Human blood and muscle	von Walden et al. [101]
	REx	Acute	No difference	Human blood and muscle	von Walden et al. [101]
	AEx and REx	Chronic	Increases MOTS-c	Human blood	Dieli-Conwright et al. [102]
	AEx	Chronic	No difference	Human blood	Ramanjaneya et al. [105]
Humanin	Humanin	Chronic	Improves rotarod performance	Mouse muscle	Kim et al. [112]
	Contraction	Acute	Increases humanin	Isolated mouse muscle	Woodhead et al. [113]
	HIIT	Acute	Increases humanin	Human muscle and blood	Woodhead et al. [113]
	AEx	Acute	Increases humanin	Human blood	von Walden et al. [101]
	REx	Acute	No difference	Human blood and muscle	von Walden et al. [101]
	REx	Chronic	Increases humanin in muscle	Human muscle and blood	Gidlund et al. [114]
	HIIT	Chronic	No difference	Human muscle and blood	Woodhead et al. [113]
	AEx	Chronic	No difference	Human muscle and blood	Gidlund et al. [114]
SHLP2	HIIT	Acute	No difference	Human blood	Woodhead et al. [113]
	HIIT	Chronic	No difference	Human blood	Woodhead et al. [113]
SHLP6	HIIT	Acute	Increases SHLP6	Human blood	Woodhead et al. [113]
	HIIT	Chronic	No difference	Human blood	Woodhead et al. [113]

MOTS-c Ab: MOTS-c neutralizing antibody, AEx: aerobic exercise, REx: resistance exercise, HIIT: high-intensity interval training.