Table 1.
Table summarizing the role of chemokine families in Temporomandibular Joint Disorder.
| Chemokines | Cells | Main Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CXC(α) | IL-8 | macrophages, epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells | IL-8 is a powerful neutrophil attraction and activation cytokine in TMJ RA and OA. Upregulation of IL-8 in SMSCs caused by IL-1β also occurs by activating the NF-κB pathway |
| SDF-1 | hematopoietic stem cells | Activation of the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway regulates the expression of various inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MMPs involved in TMJ pathology. | |
| GRO-α | neutrophils | Growth of new, small blood vessels in the TMJ synovium | |
| CC(β) | MCP-1 | monocytes, lymphocytes | IL-1β-stimulated temporomandibular joint synovial cells produce and release MCP-1, which is associated with the early stages of temporomandibular joint inflammation. MCP-1 may be a major factor in the onset, subsequent progression, and chronicity of TMJ synovial inflammation |
| MIP-1α, 1β | monocytes, T lymphocytes | Recruiting inflammatory cells, wound healing, inhibition of stem cells, and maintaining effector immune response | |
| MIP-3α | lymphocytes and dendritic cells | Increase in MIP-3a may trigger the migration of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells into the synovial tissue and body fluids of patients with TMJ-ID, and may lead to the onset and progression of inflammatory alterations in TMJ. | |
| RANTES | monocytes, T lymphocytes | RANTES/CCR1 signals are key signals that may play a synergistic role in GFP BMSCs for recruiting OA cartilage from the temporomandibular joint. | |
| CX3C(δ) | Fkn (fractalkine, CX3CL1) | monocytes, natural killer cells, T cells, and smooth muscle cells | In the trigeminal nervous system, the persistent albumin-induced model of arthritis hyperphagia in TMJ activates the trigeminal tail subnuclear signal through the P2X7/CatS/FKN pathway |
| Other | Chemerin-ChemR23 | dendritic cells, macrophages, adipocytes | The interaction of inflammatory factors and Chemerin increases the inflammatory effect. Chemerin levels were positively correlated with TMJ pain. |