Table 2.
Daily intake of UPF.
| Total n = 346 |
Men n = 87 |
Women n = 269 |
p † | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultra-processed beverages (portions/day) | 0.362 (0.124–0.796) | 0.583 (0.138–0.985) | 0.327 (0.114–0.712) | 0.046 |
| (% energy/day) | 2.09 (0.81–4.65) | 3.04 (1.22–5.66) | 1.88 (0.77–4.01) | 0.05 |
| Ultra-processed dairy (portions/day) | 0.083 (0.028–0.229) | 0.111 (0.028–0.284) | 0.083 (0.028–0.226) | 0.659 |
| (% energy/day) | 0.2 (0.05–0.9) | 0.47 (0.09–1.02) | 0.26 (0.05–0.92) | 0.251 |
| Ultra-processed meats (portions/day) | 0.116 (0.042–0.313) | 0.203 (0.094–0.426) | 0.097 (0.042–0.285) | <0.001 |
| (% energy/day) | 1.06 (0.36–2.3) | 1.6 (0.70–3.3) | 0.91 (0.32–2.06) | 0.002 |
| Ultra-processed cereals and bars (portions/day) | 0.427 (0.082–1.016) | 0.212 (0.044–1) | 0.451 (0.114–1.02) | 0.105 |
| (% energy/day) | 2.17 (0.50–4.7) | 1.28 (0.24–4.5) | 2.4 (0.64–4.8) | 0.044 |
| Ultra-processed bread (portions/day) | 1.04 (0.494–1.72) | 1.05 (0.607–1.803) | 1.04 (0.485–1.69) | 0.355 |
| (% energy/day) | 7.5 (4.4–11.8) | 7.4 (4.5–11.4) | 7.5 (4.3–11.9) | 0.952 |
| Sweets (portions/day) | 1.21 (0.509–2.34) | 1.10 (0.423–2.54) | 1.26 (0.557–2.22) | 0.711 |
| (% energy/day) | 10.8 (5.8–18.8) | 9.1 (4.2–14.8) | 11.1 (6.7–19.5) | 0.007 |
| Salty Snacks (portions/day) | 0.033 (0.014–0.142) | 0.033 (0.014–0.142) | 0.033 (0.014–0.142) | 0.674 |
| (% energy/day) | 0.41 (0.15–1.12) | 0.35 (0.12–1.5) | 0.41 (0.17–1.0) | 0.500 |
| Sauces (portions/day) | 0.1965 (0.061–0.515) | 0.263 (0.105–0.907) | 0.184 (0.056–0.434) | 0.022 |
| (% energy/day) | 0.38 (0.15–1.04) | 0.18 (0.59–1.26) | 0.35 (0.15–0.97) | 0.075 |
| Fast Foods/pizza (portions/day) | 0.341 (0.1815–0.669) | 0.415 (0.267–0.901) | 0.318 (0.164–0.627) | 0.005 |
| (% energy/day) | 5.0 (2.6–8.1) | 6.5 (3.5–9.8) | 4.6 (2.4–7.6) | 0.005 |
| Total UPF (% energy) | 40.7 ± 13.6 | 41.0 ± 14.6 | 40.6 ± 13.3 | 0.845 |
Data are presented as median (lower–upper quartile) (25th–75th). For total UPF (% energy) mean ± standard deviation is shown. The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare total UPF intake and intakes of several food groups between men and women. The t-test was used to compare total UPF intake between men and women; † indicates p-value for comparing food portions or energy from food categories between men and women; one serving of sugary beverages was considered 250 mL of beverage. One serving of processed dairy was 15 g of cream, 200 g of flavored yogurt, 30 g of cream cheese. One serving of processed meats was considered as one sausage or 30 g ham. One serving of cereals/bars was considered as ½ cup of cereals or 1 bar. One serving of bread was considered 1 slice of bread, 2 melba toasts/crackers. One serving of sweets was considered as 5 biscuits (70 g), 1 waffle (75 g), 1 doughnut (43 g), a piece of cake (95 g), etc.