Table 2.
Chronic low back pain risk prediction model using multiple logistic regression in development dataset.
| Variables | Coefficient | Odds Radio | 95% CI | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | |||||
| 10–19 | reference | ||||
| 20–29 | 0.8090 | 2.246 | 0.810 | 6.224 | 0.120 |
| 30–39 | 0.9342 | 2.545 | 0.926 | 6.996 | 0.070 |
| 40–49 | 0.9534 | 2.595 | 0.945 | 7.122 | 0.064 |
| 50–59 | 1.1288 | 3.092 | 1.125 | 8.501 | 0.029 |
| 60–69 | 1.5562 | 4.741 | 1.722 | 13.049 | 0.003 |
| 70–79 | 1.8467 | 6.339 | 2.297 | 17.494 | <0.001 |
| 80–89 | 1.9834 | 7.268 | 2.580 | 20.473 | <0.001 |
| ≥90 | 1.2191 | 3.384 | 0.625 | 18.334 | 0.157 |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | reference | ||||
| Female | 0.6023 | 1.826 | 1.623 | 2.055 | <0.001 |
| Occupation | |||||
| Unemployed (Student, housewife, etc.) | reference | ||||
| Office work | −0.2717 | 0.762 | 0.620 | 0.937 | 0.010 |
| Sales and services | −0.1310 | 0.877 | 0.730 | 1.054 | 0.161 |
| Agriculture, forestry and fishery | 0.5694 | 1.767 | 1.516 | 2.060 | <0.001 |
| Machine fitting and simple labor | 0.0195 | 1.002 | 0.859 | 1.169 | 0.980 |
| Education level * | |||||
| ≤6 years | reference | ||||
| 7–9 years | −0.1874 | 0.829 | 0.700 | 0.981 | 0.029 |
| 10–12 years | −0.3344 | 0.716 | 0.607 | 0.844 | <0.001 |
| ≥13 years | −0.4863 | 0.615 | 0.499 | 0.757 | <0.001 |
| Middle PA † | 0.4069 | 1.502 | 1.315 | 1.716 | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptom ‡ | 0.4907 | 1.633 | 1.448 | 1.843 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Stroke | 0.4657 | 1.593 | 1.223 | 2.075 | 0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.4271 | 1.533 | 1.184 | 1.984 | 0.001 |
| Knee osteoarthritis | 0.5326 | 1.703 | 1.514 | 1.916 | <0.001 |
| Asthma | 0.2921 | 1.339 | 1.090 | 1.646 | 0.005 |
| COPD | 0.6031 | 1.828 | 1.228 | 2.720 | 0.003 |
| Cancer § | 0.3648 | 1.440 | 1.133 | 1.831 | 0.003 |
OR, Odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; PA, physical activity; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. * Educational level was divided into the following four groups: ≤6 years (elementary school), 7–9 years (middle school), 10–12 years (high school), and ≥13 years (college or university). † Middle physical activity was defined as mid-intensity physical activity for 5 or more days per week at least 30 min. ‡ Depressive symptom was defined as individuals in this survey who felt sad or had a depressive symptom for two consecutive weeks during the past one year. § History of major cancer: stomach, liver, colon, breast, uterine cervical, prostate, or lung cancer. Risk prediction model was fully adjusted by all co-variables listed in the table.