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. 2023 Feb 8;9(2):144. doi: 10.3390/gels9020144

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Typical cartilage structure-inspired hydrogels. (A) The main components consisted of an AC lubrication system within the AC superficial layer (left). The SEM cross-sectional morphology of Composite-LP, which clearly shows the load-bearing phase and lubrication phase (right). (B) The friction coefficients of the Composite-LP, Hg-LP, Composite, and Hg samples (load, 1 N; frequency, 1 Hz). Panels (A,B) are reprinted with permission from Ref [25]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (C) Schematic illustration of the bilayer-oriented heterogeneous hydrogel (BH-CF/MMT hydrogel). (D) The compressive strength and compressive modulus (D) and the average friction coefficient (E) of the bilayer-oriented heterogeneous hydrogel compared with control groups (bilayer unoriented hydrogel, A-MMT hydrogel, and A-MMT hydrogel). Reprinted with permission from Ref [70]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society.