Table 4.
Known biological effects of major bioactive compounds from Helichrysum italicum essential oils.
| Compound | Helichrysum italicum Subspecies | Compounds Content in Essential Oil | Know Biological Effects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monoterpenes | |||
| Nerol |
Microphyllum
Italicum |
up to 14.4% [169] up to 18.8% [4] |
Insecticidal activity [173], antimicrobial activity [174], acaricidal activity [175], repellent activity [176], food additive [189] |
| Neryl acetate |
Microphyllum
Italicum |
up to 55.7% [6] up to 45.9% [33] |
Insecticidal activity [173], repellent activity [176], the agonist of TRPA1 [177], food additive [190] |
| Neryl propionate |
Microphyllum
Italicum |
up to 11.4% [170] up to 16.4% [44] |
Food additive [190] |
| α-Pinene | Italicum | up to 53.5% [166] | Antioxidative activity [180], anti-inflammatory activity [182,183], inhibition of CYP enzymes [181], antimicrobial activity [184], food additive [191] |
| Limonene |
Italicum
Microphyllum |
12.9% [33] up to 7% [169] |
Anti-inflammatory activity [187], gastroprotective effects [188], inhibition of CYP enzymes [181], food additive [191] |
| Sesquiterpenes | |||
| α-Selinene | Microphyllum Italicum | up to 5.4% [45] up to 26.5% [4] |
Pheromone [179] |
| β-Selinene | Microphyllum Italicum | up to 17.2% [45] up to 38% [4] |
Pheromone [179] |
| γ-Curcumene | Microphyllum Italicum | up to 18.2% [170] up to 41% [4] |
Unknown |
| Eudesm-5-en-11-ol | Italicum Microphyllum | up to 17.2% [33] up to 23.5% [169] |
Unknown |