Table 2.

Individual hygiene habits and their association with ECD in children.

	Never		Sometimes		Always
	PR (95% CI)	p-Value	PR (95% CI)	p-Value	PR (95% CI)
Wash hands before a meal
Total development	1.35 (1.18; 1.55)	<0.001	1.30 (1.16; 1.46)	<0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Cognitive development	1.18 (1.02; 1.38)	0.030	1.38 (1.22; 1.55)	<0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Language development	1.28 (1.11; 1.48)	0.001	1.32 (1.18; 1.49)	<0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Socioemotional development	1.27 (1.11; 1.45)	<0.001	1.20 (1.07; 1.34)	0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Health hygiene and safety development	1.16 (1.01; 1.33)	0.032	1.23 (1.10; 1.36)	<0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Wash hands after going to the toilet
Total development	1.34 (1.18; 1.53)	<0.001	1.21 (1.08; 1.35)	0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Cognitive development	1.38 (1.19; 1.59)	<0.001	1.40 (1.25; 1.58)	<0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Language development	1.24 (1.09; 1.42)	0.001	1.16 (1.04; 1.29)	0.009	1.00 (Ref.)
Socioemotional development	1.33 (1.17; 1.52)	<0.001	1.21 (1.08; 1.35)	0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Health hygiene and safety development	1.32 (1.16; 1.50)	<0.001	1.27 (1.14; 1.41)	<0.001	1.00 (Ref.)
Tooth brushing
Total development	1.26 (1.13; 1.42)	<0.001	0.94 (0.84; 1.05)	0.295	1.00 (Ref.)
Cognitive development	1.30 (1.16; 1.46)	<0.001	1.08 (0.96; 1.21)	0.180	1.00 (Ref.)
Language development	1.26 (1.12; 1.42)	<0.001	0.95 (0.84; 1.07)	0.371	1.00 (Ref.)
Socioemotional development	1.21 (1.08; 1.35)	0.001	0.94 (0.84; 1.05)	0.264	1.00 (Ref.)
Health hygiene and safety development	1.22 (1.10; 1.37)	<0.001	0.99 (0.89; 1.11)	0.925	1.00 (Ref.)

Data presented as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% CIs for poor development (score < 25th centile-age). Children who always washed their hands before meals, who always washed their hands after going to the bathroom, or those who always brushed their teeth were used as the reference group per each case. For tooth brushing, sometimes means once a day. Analyses were adjusted by age, sex, SES, area, and country of origin.