Table 2.
Socio-demographic factors, metabolic profile, and cognitive performance in the HELIOS Study.
| Total (n = 8769) | Correlations with ‘g’ | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demography, continuous variables mean ± SD, categorical variables n (%) | |||
| Age (years) | 51.39 ± 11.32 | −0.649 | 0.000 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 5167 (58.9) | −0.096 | 2 × 10−6 |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Chinese | 6099 (69.6) | (Reference) | 2.6 × 10−95 |
| Malay | 1092 (12.5) | −0.168 | |
| South Asian | 1578 (18.0) | −0.537 | |
| Total years of education | 14.10 ± 3.17 | 0.347 | 3 × 10−247 |
| Active smoker | 747 (8.5) | 0.081 | 2.2 × 10−14 |
| Alcohol intake | |||
| Never or on special occasion | 6967 (79.5) | 0.113 | 1.9 × 10−26 |
| 1-2 times/month or 1–2/week | 1407 (16.0) | ||
| 3-4 times/week or daily | 395 (4.5) | ||
| Adiposity measures, mean ± SD | |||
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 24.77 ± 4.52 | −0.066 | 5.6 × 10−10 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 82.91 ± 11.59 | −0.134 | 2.6 × 10−36 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 97.29 ± 8.87 | −0.020 | 0.065 |
| Fat Mass Index (FMI, Kg/m2) | 9.39 ± 3.11 | −0.147 | 1.2 × 10−43 |
| Visceral FMI | 0.24 ± 0.1 | −0.297 | 1.5 × 10−177 |
| Android FMI | 0.81 ± 0.33 | −0.193 | 1.4 × 10−74 |
| Gynoid FMI | 1.58 ± 0.52 | −0.067 | 4.5 × 10−10 |
| Limb FMIa | 4.3 ± 1.59 | −0.101 | 2 × 10−21 |
| Trunk FMI | 4.62 ± 1.63 | −0.180 | 5.5 × 10−65 |
| Waist/hip ratio | 0.85 ± 0.08 | −0.191 | 9.8 × 10−73 |
| Android/Gynoid ratio | 1.02 ± 0.17 | −0.123 | 8.1 × 10−31 |
| Trunk/limb ratio | 1.1 ± 0.23 | −0.161 | 4.4 × 10−52 |
| vFMI/FMI ratio | 0.03 ± 0.01 | −0.310 | 2.4 × 10−194 |
| Other metabolic risk factors, mean ± SD | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 120.62 ± 17.67 | −0.267 | 1.5 × 10−143 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.65 ± 10.49 | −0.101 | 1.6 × 10−21 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.53 ± 0.42 | 0.046 | 1.4 × 10−5 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.26 ± 0.82 | −0.069 | 1.2 × 10−10 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.07 ± 1.23 | −0.180 | 4.5 × 10−65 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.86 | −0.242 | 2.9 × 10−117 |
| MetS_sum, 0:1:2:3:4:5 | 33: 24: 18: 13: 8: 4 | −0.309 | 1 × 10−193 |
| MetS_continuous | −0.02 ± 0.87 | −0.178 | 1.45 × 10−63 |
| Cognitive Test, mean ± SD | |||
| Pairing test; total incorrect guess | 8.81 ± 5.97 | −0.328 | 1.4 × 10−218 |
| Total digits recalled | 8.22 ± 1.61 | 0.434 | 0.000 |
| Executive functioning: total correct answers | 3.2 ± 1.56 | 0.412 | 0.000 |
| Reaction time, average (ms) | 746.7 ± 314.19 | −0.618 | 0.000 |
| Box test, average time (ms) | 1405.21 ± 312.79 | −0.902 | 0.000 |
| Ink test, average time (ms) | 1796.03 ± 476.26 | −0.711 | 0.000 |
| General cognition, ‘g’ | 0.01 ± 0.93 | – | – |
FMI = Fat Mass Index. MetS_sum = a severity index based on symptom counts (range:0–5). MetS_continuous = a continuous severity score based on the dimensional reduction.
a
Derived from the left and right arms and legs.