Figure 3.

Associations Between COVID-Related Stressors and Primary Outcomes From Baseline 1 Survey

Note. Two common variable-centered approaches are illustrated for perceived stress (Panels A1 and A2) and problematic alcohol use (Panels B1 and B2). These two variable-centered approaches are contrasted with the latent class analysis approach illustrated in Panels A3 and B3, which showed the highest levels of perceived stress and problematic alcohol use in Class 4 (Serious Financial Stress). Panels C, D, and E illustrate that a similar pattern was found for anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and alcohol cravings, respectively. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PACS = Penn Alcohol Craving Scale. See the online article for the color version of this figure.