Figure 4.

Associations Between COVID-Related Stressors and Secondary Outcomes From Baseline 2 Survey

Note. Utilizing the latent class analysis approach, a consistent pattern emerged in which Class 4 (Serious Financial Stress) scored the highest on secondary outcomes of interest, including loneliness (Panel A), drinking to cope (Panel B), and the four domains of QoL (Panels C, D, E, and F). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. UCLA Loneliness = University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale; DMQ-Coping = Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised - Coping Subscale; WHOQOL = World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF; QoL = quality of life. See the online article for the color version of this figure.