Table 1.
Characteristics of participants and association with knowledge of climate change and perception of impact of climate changes on the community
| Characteristics of participants | Heard of Climate Change before* | OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR | p-value | Climate change affecting community# | OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 402 | Yes (n = 307, 76.4%) | No (n = 95, 23.6%) | Yes (n = 365, 90.8%) | No (n = 37, 9.2%) | |||||||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||
| Female | n = 289 (71.9) | 212 (73.4) | 77 (26.6) | 0.5 (0.3 – 0.9) | 0.03 | 0.8 (0.4 – 1.6) | 0.46 | 263 (91.0) | 26 (9.0) | 1.1 (0.5 – 2.2) | 0.82 | ||
| Male | n = 114 (28.1) | 95 (84.1) | 18 (15.9) | Ref. | Ref. | 102 (90.3) | 11 (9.7) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Age | |||||||||||||
| 18-30 years | n = 208 (51.7) | 154 (74.0) | 54 (26.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 184 (88.5) | 24 (11.5) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| 31-40 years | n = 112 (27.9) | 87 (77.7) | 25 (22.3) | 1.2 (0.7 2.1) | 0.47 | 104 (92.9) | 8 (7.1) | 1.7 (0.7 – 3.9) | 0.22 | ||||
| 41-50 years | n = 52 (12.9) | 42 (80.8) | 10 (19.2) | 1.5 (0.7 – 3.1) | 0.32 | 48 (92.3) | 4 (7.7) | 1.6 (0.5 – 4.7) | 0.43 | ||||
| > 51 years | n = 30 (7.4) | 24 (80.0.) | 6 (20.0) | 1.4 (0.5– 3.6) | 0.48 | 29 (96.7) | 1 (3.3) | 3.8 (0.5 – 29.0) | 0.20 | ||||
| Highest level of education | |||||||||||||
| No formal education | n = 10 (2.5) | 7 (70.0) | 3 (30.0) | Ref. | Ref. | 9 (90.0) | 1 (10.0) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Primary education | n = 144 (35.8) | 99 (68.8) | 45 (31.2) | 0.9 (0.2 – 3.8) | 0.93 | 130 (90.3) | 14 (9.7) | 1.0 (0.1 – 8.8) | 0.98 | ||||
| Secondary education | n = 203 (50.5) | 162 (79.8) | 41 (20.2) | 1.7 (0.4 – 6.8) | 0.46 | 187 (92.1) | 16 (7.9) | 1.3 (0.2 – 10.9) | 0.81 | ||||
| Undergraduate/bachelor’s degree or higher | n = 31 (7.7) | 28 (90.3) | 3 (9.7) | 4 (0.7 – 24.2) | 0.13 | 28 (90.3) | 3 (9.7) | 1.0 (0.1 – 11.3) | 0.98 | ||||
| Other | n = 14 (3.5) | 11 (78.6) | 3 (21.4) | 1.6 (0.2 – 10.1) | 0.63 | 11 (78.6) | 3 (21.4) | 0.4 (0.03 – 4.6) | 0.47 | ||||
| Current occupation | |||||||||||||
| Student | n = 14 (3.5) | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) | 1.4 (0.3 – 7.4) | 0.67 | 1.9 (0.3 – 11.3) | 0.47 | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) | 0.1 (0.01 – 1.3) | 0.08 | 0.2 (0.01 – 2.2) | 0.18 |
| Manager/supervisor/businessman/woman | n = 123 (30.6) | 93 (75.6) | 30 (2.4) | 0.7 (0.3 – 1.6) | 0.45 | 1.0 (0.4 – 2.3) | 0.93 | 111 (90.2) | 12 (9.8) | 0.2 (0.02 – 1.3) | 0.09 | 0.2 (0.02 – 1.7) | 0.16 |
| Housewife or domestic worker | n = 87 (21.6) | 57 (65.5) | 30 (34.5) | 0.5 (0.2 – 1.0) | 0.05* | 0.7 (0.3 – 1.7) | 0.40 | 77 (8.5) | 10 (11.5) | 0.1 (0.01 – 1.1) | 0.06 | 0.2 (0.03 – 1.9) | 0.14 |
| Casual worker | n = 76 (18.9) | 65 (85.5) | 11 (1.5) | 1.4 (0.6 – 3.5) | 0.46 | 1.0 (0.4 – 2.3) | 0.93 | 71 (93.4) | 5 (6.6) | 0.3 (0.03 – 2.2) | 0.22 | 0.4 (0.04 – 3.5) | 0.39 |
| Unemployed | n = 57 (14.2) | 46 (80.7) | 11 (19.3) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 56 (98.2) | 1 (1.8) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Other (e.g., Industrial worker, Technician, Craft and related trade worker, Service and sales worker, Support staff, Agricultural worker) | n = 45 (11.2) | 34 (75.6) | 11 (24.4) | 0.7 (0.3 – 1.9) | 0.53 | 0.6 (0.2 – 1.9) | 0.40 | 0.1 (0.01 – 0.8) | 0.03* | 0.1 (0.01 – 1.1) | 0.06 | ||
| Years lived in Mukuru | |||||||||||||
| 0-5 years | n = 135 (33.6) | 91 (67.4) | 44 (32.6) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 118 (87.4) | 17 (12.6) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 6-10 years | n = 81 (20.2) | 61 (75.3) | 20 (24.7) | 1.5 (0.8 – 2.7) | 0.22 | 1.7 (0.8 – 3.4) | 0.17 | 71 (87.7) | 10 (12.3) | 1.0 (0.4 – 2.4) | 0.96 | 0.9 (0.4 – 2.3) | 0.85 |
| > 10 years | n = 186 (46.3) | 155 (83.3) | 31 (16.7) | 2.4 (1.4 – 4.1) | 0.001* | 3.1 (1.7 – 5.8) | < 0.001* | 176 (94.6) | 10 (5.4) | 2.5 (1.1 – 5.7) | 0.03* | 2.6 (1.1 – 6.1) | 0.03* |
| Number of people living in household | |||||||||||||
| One (respondent lives alone) | n = 50 (12.4) | 43 (86.0) | 7 (14.0) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 45 (90.0) | 5 (10.0 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Less than 5 | n = 231 (57.5) | 176 (76.2) | 55 (23.8) | 0.5 (0.2 – 1.2) | 0.14 | 0.6 (0.2 – 1.5) | 0.24 | 205 (88.7) | 26 (11.3) | 0.9 (0.3 – 2.4) | 0.80 | ||
| 5-10 persons | n = 119 (29.6) | 86 (72.3) | 33 (27.7) | 0.4 (0.2 – 1.0) | 0.06* | 0.4 (0.1 – 1.0) | 0.06 | 113 (95.0) | 6 (5.0) | 2.1 (0.6 – 7.2) | 0.24 | ||
| > 10 persons | n = 2 (0.5) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | – | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | |||
| House/living situation | |||||||||||||
| Rent | n = 306 (89.6) | 273 (75.8) | 87 (24.2) | Ref. | Ref. | 36 (90.0) | 4 (10.0) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Own | n = 40 (10) | 32 (80.0) | 8 (20.0) | 0.8 (0.3 – 1.8) | 0.56 | 327 (90.9) | 33 (9.2) | 1.1 (0.4 – 3.3) | 0.86 | ||||
| Sublet/lease | n = 2 (0.5) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | ||||
| Location of house | |||||||||||||
| Flat area | n = 177 (44) | 119 (67.2) | 58 (32.8) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 156 (88.1) | 21 (11.9) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Low-lying area | n = 110 (27.4) | 105 (95.4) | 5 (4.6) | 0.8 (0.4 – 1.4) | 0.39 | 0.8 (0.4 – 1.5) | 0.43 | 46 (78.0) | 13 (22.0) | 0.5 (0.2 – 1.0) | 0.06 | 0.5 (0.2 – 1.1) | 0.09 |
| Riverside | n = 59 (14.7) | 36 (61.0) | 23 (39.0) | 10.2 (4.0 – 26.5) | < 0.001* | 10.7 (4.0 – 28.4) | < 0.001* | 108 (98.2) | 2 (1.8) | 7.3 (1.7 – 31.6) | 0.008* | 7.7 (1.7 – 34.0) | 0.007* |
| Steep incline/hill | n = 56 (13.9) | 47 (83.9) | 9 (16.1) | 2.5 (1.2 – 5.5) | 0.02* | 2.1 (0.9 – 4.7) | 0.08 | 55 (98.2) | 1 (1.8) | 7.4 (1.0 – 56.3) | 0.05* | 5.7 (0.7 – 44.0) | 0.09 |
| Roofing material | |||||||||||||
| Zinc/metal roofing | n = 375 (93.3) | 283 (75.5) | 92 (24.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 340 (90.7) | 35 (9.3) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Concrete roofing | n = 11 (2.7) | 10 (90.9) | 1 (9.1) | 3.3 (0.4 – 25.7) | 0.26 | 10 (90.9) | 1 (10.1) | 1.0 (0.1 – 8.3) | 0.98 | ||||
| Makeshift | n = 9 (2.2) | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | ||||
| Other material | n = 7 (1.7) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) | 0.8 (0.2 – 4.3) | 0.81 | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | 0.6 (0.1 – 5.3) | 0.66 | ||||
| Wall material (Outer walls of house) | |||||||||||||
| Sheet metal | 91,8 (n = 369) | 277 (75.1) | 92 (24.9) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | 333 (90.2) | 36 (9.8) | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Concrete | n = 28 (7) | 25 (89.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0.4 (0.1 – 1.2) | 0.10 | 0.4 (0.1 – 1.5) | 0.17 | 27 (96.4) | 1 (3.6) | 0.3 (0.04 – 2.6) | 0.30 | ||
| Other material (Brick, Plywood, Other) | n = 5 (1.2) | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | – | – | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | ||
| House insured against climate change hazards such as hurricane, flooding or other natural hazards | |||||||||||||
| No not insured | n = 290 (72.1) | 219 (75.5) | 71 (24.5) | Ref. | Ref. | 262 (90.3) | 28 (9.7) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
| Yes insured | n = 7 (1.7) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) | 1.2 (0.2 – 6.5) | 0.80 | 7 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – | ||||
| Don’t know/Not sure | n = 105 (26.1) | 83 (79.0) | 22 (21.0) | 1.5 (0.3 – 8.3) | 0.64 | 96 (91.4) | 9 (8.6) | 0.9 (0.4 – 1.9) | 0.74 | ||||
Ref Reference
*variables statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05)
1) *Adjusted model for all variables p ≤ 0.1 (gender, current occupation, years lived in Mukuru, number of people in household, location of house, wall material)
2) #Adjusted model for all variables p ≤ 0.1 (current occupation, years lived in Mukuru, location of house)
3) ‘Adjusted model for all variables p ≤ 0.1 (years lived in Mukuru, location of house, wall materials, insured against climate hazards) – data for individual variables not shown in Table