Fig. 5.

Overview of principles and turnaround time of major antimicrobial susceptibility methods: Phenotypic AST methods including dilution & diffusion, gradient, chromogenic and automated platforms have long turnaround times (24–48 h); Genotypic methods such as conventional PCR and qPCR have short turnaround time of hours but sequencing needs days. Emerging techniques like microfluidics, FACS and ATP bioluminescence have very short turnaround time ranging from 30 mins to hours. [Created with BioRender.com.]