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. 2023 Feb 15;9(3):e13589. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13589

Table 2.

Indicators selected from the indicator database [28] for each of the selected Ecosystem Service.

Ecosystem service Selected indicator(s) Units
Renewable offshore energy
  • -

    Energy production
  • -

    TWh/year
Aesthetic value
  • -

    Visual impact of artificial structures from the shore
  • -

    Impact factor (qualitative indicator)
Mediation of wastes
  • -

    Denitrification

  • -

    Burial
  • -

    tonnes N/year

  • -

    tonnes N/year
Climate regulation
  • -

    Carbon sequestration rate
  • -

    tonnes C/year
Recreation
  • -

    Production (recreational fishing)

  • -

    Biomass (potential supply of recreational fishing)

  • -

    Abundance (and diversity) of observed species (wildlife watching)
  • -

    tonnes/year

  • -

    tonnes
Wild aquatic animals
  • -

    Production

  • -

    Biomass (indicator of potential supply)
  • -

    tonnes/year

  • -

    tonnes
Sand and other minerals
  • -

    Volume of sand available for extraction
  • -

    m3
Surface for navigation
  • -

    Length of shipping lanes

  • -

    Tonne-kilometres of shipping traffic
  • -

    Km

  • -

    tonne-kilometre
Nursery and habitat maintenance
  • -

    Species richness

  • -

    Shannon diversity D
  • -

    n species

  • -

    bits/ind