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. 2023 Feb 7;15(4):839. doi: 10.3390/nu15040839

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Alleviation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorder of probiotics: (A) change of gastric emptying rate in mice; (B) change of small intestinal propulsive rate in mice; (C) specifics of ink propulsion in the small intestine; (D) change of fecal moisture content in mice; (E) hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining for gastric antrum, small intestine and colon sections (200×). Different letters (a, b, c and d) denote significant differences between different groups of mice (p < 0.05). NC stands for the normal control group, M for the model group, JY for the L. paracasei JY062 group, JM for the L. gasseri JM1 group, and MIX for the combination group. Red trangles in (C) stand the front end of the ink, and different color arrows in (E) denote eroded and shed mucosal epithelial cells (red arrows), inflammatory cells (blue arrows), submucosal edema (black arrows), Paneth cells (yellow arrows) and goblet cells (green arrows).