Table 3.
The critical concentration of salts that affect the fruit production in Zizyphus germplasm.
| Species | Cultivars | Applied Concentrations | Duration | Threshold Concentrations | Effects of Salinity | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z. jujuba Mill. | Spinosa | 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl | 0, 2, 6, 10, and 14 days | 50 mM | Ploidy level can increase salt tolerance. Greater osmotic regulation was recorded in auto-tetraploidization than diploid germplasm of Zizyphus. | [11] |
| Z. mauritiana Lamk. | Gola and Umran | 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS m−1 of EC | After one day interval to avoid osmotic stress | 4 dS m−1 of EC | Gola cultivar is more resistant against salt stress due to restoration of physiological and molecular basis. | [43] |
| Z. mauritiana and Z. rotundifolia. | Anonymous accessions at seedling stage | 75 and 150 mM NaCl | 4, 7 and 9 days | 75 mM NaCl | Regulation of biochemical and physiological mechanisms due to strong defense system through 10 mg/L of uniconazole | [50] |
| Z. jujuba Mill. | Two years grafted seedlings of cultivar Jinsi-xiaozao | 0, 3.0 and 5.0 g kg−1 applied in soil | Salt concentrations were applied on potted culture medium | 3.0 kg−1 applied in soil | Photosynthetic pigments, i.e., chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and Fv/Fo of PSII were reduced by 12.30% and 22.08%, respectively, compared with untreated plants | [51] |
| Z. mauritiana Lamk. | Dehli White, Suffon, Karella and Mehmood Wali | Brackish water 11 dsm−1 and 50% brackish water + 50% normal water | Every irrigation when required | 50–60 mM | Dehli White cultivar of jujube is good for marginal lands in Pakistan because of good growth, yield and quality with improved defense system. | [6] |
| Z. mauritiana Lamk. | Banarsi Karaka, Narendra Ber Selection-1, Narendra Ber, Selection-2, Narendra Ber Selection-3, Pond and Gola | 0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0 dSm−1 EC | Irrigation was applied alternately to ease the uniform dissemination of salts | 0, 4.0 dSm−1 EC | The Na+ and Cl- in leaves were enhanced due to increase in salinity. Jujube cvs. such as Banarsi Karaka, Narendra Ber, Selection-2 and Ponda can be placed in the tolerant group, and cvs. Narendra Ber Selection-1 and Gola as the semi-tolerant group. These findings may be supportive of commercial cultivation of jujube in salt-pretentious regions. | [52] |
| Z. mauritiana Lamk. | One year old budded plant of Umran cultivar | 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 meq 1−1 of NaCl, CaC12, MgC12 and MgS04 were added in 1:1 (Na: Ca + Mg) and 3:7 (Cl:S04) | Regular irrigation was performed as per plant requirement | 50 mM | Jujube, especially Umran, can be cultivated in salty lands with EC up to 11.30 dSm−1. This is the optimum level of EC at which jujube trees can be grown. The 50% yield reduction was recorded to be associated with a soil EC value of 11.30 dsm−1. |
[47] |
| Z. jujuba Mill. | Dongzao | 1 g L−1, 2 g L−1, 3 g L−1, 4 g L−1, and 5 g L−1 | Regular irrigation was performed as per plant requirement | 1 & 2 g L−1 | Irrigation with low level of brackish water had little effect on the yield of winter jujube, but it reduced drastically after exceeding the threshold level of 3 g L−1. | [53] |
| Z. Spaina-chrsity (L.) and Acacia tortillis subsp. tortillis | Zizyphus spina-christi and Acacia tortillis subsp. tortillis seedlings | The mixed salts of Sodium and Calcium chloride (1:1 v/v) at concentrations of 1000–5000 ppm. | Regular irrigation was performed as per plant requirement | 70 mM | Acacia tortillis subsp. Tortillis is found to be more tolerant compared with Z. Spaina-chrsity (L.) | [33] |