Table 7.
Mean concentration (unadjusted) of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), s-IGF-1, insulin, c-peptide, leptin, leptin receptor, free leptin receptor index (FLI), hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin and iron in infants fed formula (SF, α-lac-EW or CGMP-RW) * or breast milk (BF) during the intervention, ITT population, and for BUN in the randomized subgroup.
| SF | α-lac-EW | CGMP-RW | p-Value 1 (2) | BF | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | n | n | n | ||||||
| BUN (mg/dL) 3 | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 50 | 13.8 ± 4.2 4,a | 50 | 14.2 ± 5.0 a | 50 | 13.5 ± 4.1 | 0.72 | 50 | 11.4 ± 4.1 |
| 4 mo | 50 | 15.1 ± 4.7 a,b,c | 50 | 11.0 ± 4.0 | 50 | 11.1 ± 3.8 | <0.0001 | 50 | 9.8 ± 4.5 |
| 6 mo | 50 | 14.5 ± 5.0 a,b,c | 50 | 11.6 ± 3.9 | 50 | 12.2 ± 4.7 | 0.004 | 50 | 10.3 ± 3.8 |
| IGF-1 (µg/L) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 80 | 87.2 ± 19.7 | 74 | 93.5 ± 18.2 a | 74 | 88.7 ± 16.8 | 0.094 (0.16) | 76 | 84.2 ± 20.0 |
| 4 mo | 67 | 71.8 ± 22.7 a | 72 | 71.4 ± 20.6 a | 67 | 69.1 ± 22.1 a | 0.74 (0.73) | 69 | 55.0 ± 18.7 |
| 6 mo | 67 | 60.2 ± 20.3 a | 69 | 62.9 ± 23.0 a | 65 | 61.1 ± 18.6 a | 0.74 (0.92) | 68 | 44.8 ± 15.2 |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 80 | 11.8 ± 7.8 a | 74 | 9.9 ± 5.2 | 74 | 11.5 ± 6.9 a | 0.19 (0.42) | 75 | 8.4 ± 5.4 |
| 4 mo | 67 | 8.7 ± 5.2 a | 72 | 8.1 ± 4.6 a | 67 | 8.7 ± 6.0 a | 0.72 (0.68) | 68 | 4.9 ± 2.5 |
| 6 mo | 67 | 6.8 ± 4.4 a | 69 | 6.7 ± 5.2 a | 65 | 7.1 ± 4.7 a | 0.85 (0.83) | 68 | 4.0 ± 2.7 |
| C-peptide (nmol/L) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 80 | 0.69 ± 0.23 a | 74 | 0.66 ± 0.20 a | 74 | 0.72 ± 0.22 a | 0.26 (0.13) | 74 | 0.53 ± 0.20 |
| 4 mo | 67 | 0.63 ± 0.22 a | 72 | 0.61 ± 0.22 a | 67 | 0.63 ± 0.24 a | 0.90 (0.84) | 68 | 0.43 ± 0.16 |
| 6 mo | 67 | 0.53 ± 0.19 a | 69 | 0.54 ± 0.25 a | 65 | 0.55 ± 0.22 a | 0.95 (0.97) | 68 | 0.37 ± 0.17 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 68 | 6.9 ± 3.6 | 63 | 6.4 ± 2.9 | 70 | 6.6 ± 3.9 | 0.74 (0.54) | 62 | 7.3 ± 5.2 |
| 4 mo | 62 | 5.3 ± 2.8 | 60 | 6.1 ± 3.7 | 62 | 6.3 ± 3.4 | 0.22 (0.079) | 59 | 6.5 ± 4.3 |
| 6 mo | 61 | 4.9 ± 2.6 | 64 | 5.3 ± 3.7 | 60 | 5.2 ± 2.7 | 0.71 (0.57) | 58 | 4.7 ± 2.6 |
| Soluble leptin receptor (ng/mL) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 73 | 28.1 ± 4.8 a | 64 | 27.7 ± 6.0 a | 71 | 28.3 ± 5.6 a | 0.83 (0.74) | 67 | 32.0 ± 7.1 |
| 4 mo | 64 | 42.5 ± 9.1 | 63 | 39.4 ± 7.9 | 62 | 39.8 ± 9.5 | 0.081 (0.26) | 62 | 42.2 ± 9.6 |
| 6 mo | 62 | 46.5 ± 9.1 | 66 | 42.9 ± 11.0 | 61 | 43.4 ± 9.3 | 0.081 (0.16) | 60 | 45.2 ± 9.4 |
| Free leptin index 5 | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 68 | 0.25 ± 0.14 | 63 | 0.24 ± 0.12 | 70 | 0.25 ± 0.18 | 0.86 (0.49) | 62 | 0.26 ± 0.2 |
| 4 mo | 62 | 0.13 ± 0.09 c | 60 | 0.16 ± 0.11 | 62 | 0.18 ± 0.1 | 0.054 (0.015) | 59 | 0.17 ± 0.15 |
| 6 mo | 61 | 0.11 ± 0.08 | 64 | 0.14 ± 0.12 | 60 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | 0.38 (0.27) | 58 | 0.12 ± 0.11 |
| Hb (g/L) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 68 | 111.5 ± 13.0 a | 59 | 115.2 ± 15.2 | 67 | 113.5 ± 13.2 | 0.33 | 66 | 119.4 ± 12.0 |
| 4 mo | 58 | 115.5 ± 8.3 | 61 | 115.8 ± 8.2 | 54 | 115.8 ± 8.4 | 0.97 | 61 | 116.5 ± 9.1 |
| 6 mo | 56 | 116.4 ± 7.0 | 65 | 117.4 ± 8.3 | 59 | 115.3 ± 7.5 | 0.34 | 60 | 115.8 ± 7.6 |
| Ferritin (µg/L) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 78 | 309.5 ±126.8 a | 71 | 310.2 ± 144.9 a | 74 | 353.2 ± 157.3 | 0.11 | 71 | 396.8 ± 154.7 |
| 4 mo | 66 | 106.8 ± 61.4 a | 68 | 122.0 ± 65.5 a | 65 | 145.6 ± 93.9 c | 0.013 | 66 | 172.5 ± 80.8 |
| 6 mo | 65 | 74.6 ± 41.2 | 69 | 90.4 ± 60.6 | 65 | 91.1 ± 48.2 | 0.11 | 65 | 75.4 ± 45.3 |
| Iron (µmol/L) | |||||||||
| 2 mo | 78 | 17.1 ± 4.7 | 71 | 17.8 ± 4.3 | 74 | 17.4 ± 4.2 | 0.65 | 71 | 16.1 ± 3.9 |
| 4 mo | 66 | 10.0 ± 2.9 | 68 | 11.0 ± 3.7 a | 65 | 10.2 ± 3.1 | 0.12 | 66 | 9.2 ± 2.2 |
| 6 mo | 65 | 9.1 ± 3.5 | 69 | 9.5 ± 3.3 | 65 | 9.7 ± 2.9 a | 0.53 | 65 | 8.2 ± 2.2 |
* SF, standard formula; α-lac-EW, experimental formula with α-lactalbumin-enriched whey; CGMP-RW, experimental formula with reduced CGMP whey. 1 Formula groups compared by one-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni, p-value from this analysis. (2) Formula groups compared by one-way ANCOVA, post hoc Bonferroni, adjusted for weight gain during pregnancy, gestational diabetes, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal and paternal BMI, p-value from this analysis in parentheses. 3 Analyzed in subpopulation. 4 Mean ± SD. 5 Leptin/soluble leptin receptor. a Significantly different vs. BF (p <0.05). b SF vs. α-lac-EW. c SF vs. CGMP-RW.