Table 1.

Effectors targeting light signaling pathways and inhibition of protein translocation into the chloroplasts.

Effector	Organism	Effector Localization	Host Target	Mode of Action	References
Pi02860	P. infestans	Cytoplasmic	StNRL1	02860 interacts with StNRL1 to activate a BL pathway that suppresses immunity.	[73,75,97]
Pi06099	P. infestans	Nucleo-cytoplasmic	St14-3-3, At14-3-3	Pi02860 interacts with 14-3-3s which modulate RL and BL signaling.	[98,99,100]
Pi06099	P. infestans	Nucleo-cytoplasmic	StPhyB, AtPhyB	Pi06099 interacts with the RL receptor, phyB. PhyB mutants have reduced SA gene expression.	[99,101]
PiAVR2	P. infestans	Nucleo-cytoplasmic	StBSLs	PiAVR2 interaction with BSL phosphatases increases BR signaling activating StCHL1 which suppresses immunity.	[84,102]
HaRxL106	H. arabidopsidis	Nucleus	AtRCD1	HaRxL106 interacts with transcriptional co-regulator RCD1 that interacts with MLKs which integrate signaling of blue and red photoreceptors.	[103,104]
HaRxLL470, Pi09585	H. arabidopsidis	Nucleo-cytoplasmic	AtHY5, HYH, NbHY5	HaRxLL470 interacts with bZIP TF HY5 and suppresses defense gene induction by disrupting binding of HY5 to DNA.	[105,106]
HopAU1	P. syringae pv. actinidiae	Cytoplasmic	CaS	HopAU1 interacts with CaS, inhibiting translocation into chloroplast.	[107,108]
RipG2, RipG7	R. solanacearum	Cytoplasmic	Nbcab13, NbrbcX, NbrbcS	RipG2 and RipG7 interact with targets for proteosome degradation.	[109,110]
Pst_4, Pst_5	Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici	Cytoplasmic	TaISP	Pst_4 and Pst_5 interact with TaISP, inhibiting translocation into chloroplast.	[111]
AVRvnt1	Phytophthora infestans	Cytoplasmic	GLYK	AVRvnt1 interacts with GLYK, inhibiting translocation into chloroplast.	[112]