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. 2023 Feb 10;24(4):3542. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043542

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Metabolic pathways significantly enriched in each season. Enrichment analysis was performed in MetaboAnalyst 5.0 (Available online: https://www.metaboanalyst.ca (accessed on 8 November 2022)) using The Small Molecule Pathway Database (SMPDB, Available online: https://smpdb.ca (accessed on January 2014)). Enrichment ratio is computed by hits/expected, where hits = observed hits; expected = expected hits. ↑—increased serum level of metabolites included in the metabolic pathway in MS compared to control; ↓—decreased serum level of metabolites included in the metabolic pathway in MS compared to control.