Table 6.
Factors associated with awareness of common eye diseases among adults in Poland (n = 1076).
| Factors Associated with Awareness of Common Eye Diseases among Adults in Poland | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cataract | Glaucoma | Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) |
Diabetic Retinopathy | Dry Eye Syndrome | ||||||
| Variable | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| female | 2.04 (1.43–2.91) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.39–2.70) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.58–2.79) | <0.001 | 2.60 (1.77–3.80) | <0.001 | 2.96 (2.27–3.85) | <0.001 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||
| 18–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 35–49 | 1.72 (1.08–2.73) | 0.02 | 1.80 (1.16–2.79) | 0.01 | 1.61 (1.07–2.42) | 0.02 | 1.24 (0.74–2.08) | 0.4 | 1.49 (1.03–2.16) | 0.03 |
| 50–64 | 1.74 (1.04–2.91) | 0.04 | 2.19 (1.35–3.58) | 0.002 | 2.28 (1.51–3.45) | <0.001 | 1.38 (0.82–2.32) | 0.2 | 1.52 (1.04–2.24) | 0.03 |
| 65+ | 1.52 (0.78–2.97) | 0.2 | 1.29 (0.70–2.35) | 0.4 | 2.17 (1.30–3.63) | 0.003 | 0.89 (0.47–1.70) | 0.7 | 1.24 (0.76–2.01) | 0.4 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| higher | 1.35 (0.93–1.94) | 0.1 | 1.41 (0.99–1.98) | 0.05 | 1.61 (1.21–2.13) | 0.001 | 1.53 (1.07–2.19) | 0.02 | 1.37 (1.05–1.80) | 0.02 |
| less than higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Married | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.00 | 0.9 | 1.00 | 0.6 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.2 |
| no | 1.03 (0.67–1.58) | 0.90 (0.60–1.33) | 1.59 (1.15–2.20) | 1.51 (1.01–2.25) | 1.25 (0.92–1.71) | |||||
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| rural area | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| city < 20,000 inhabitants | 1.20 (0.69–2.09) | 0.5 | 1.06 (0.63–1.76) | 0.8 | 1.08 (0.69–1.67) | 0.7 | 1.17 (0.66–2.06) | 0.6 | 0.82 (0.54–1.25) | 0.4 |
| city ≥ 20,000 and <100,000 inhabitants | 1.29 (0.80–2.08) | 0.3 | 1.19 (0.76–1.87) | 0.4 | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | 0.6 | 1.41 (0.88–2.26) | 0.2 | 1.43 (1.00–2.05) | 0.05 |
| city ≥ 100,000 and <500,000 inhabitants | 1.22 (0.74–2.00) | 0.4 | 0.95 (0.60–1.48) | 0.8 | 1.28 (0.87–1.88) | 0.2 | 1.15 (0.69–1.91) | 0.6 | 1.10 (0.76–1.59) | 0.6 |
| city ≥ 500,000 inhabitants | 1.13 (0.64–1.98) | 0.7 | 1.29 (0.74–2.25) | 0.4 | 1.27 (0.82–1.98) | 0.3 | 1.48 (0.85–2.57) | 0.2 | 1.44 (0.94–2.22) | 0.1 |
| Having children | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.75 (1.11–2.75) | 0.02 | 1.14 (0.74–1.74) | 0.6 | 1.09 (0.75–1.58) | 0.6 | 1.57 (0.98–2.54) | 0.06 | 1.08 (0.76–1.53) | 0.7 |
| no | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Occupational activity | ||||||||||
| active | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| passive | 0.91 (0.61–1.38) | 0.7 | 1.11 (0.75–1.64) | 0.6 | 1.05 (0.76–1.45) | 0.8 | 1.31 (0.88–1.97) | 0.2 | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | 0.9 |
| Economic status | ||||||||||
| good | 1.34 (0.85–2.10) | 0.2 | 1.68 (1.10–2.56) | 0.02 | 1.21 (0.84–1.75) | 0.3 | 1.22 (0.78–1.92) | 0.4 | 1.30 (0.92–1.83) | 0.1 |
| moderate | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) | 0.9 | 1.14 (0.76–1.70) | 0.5 | 1.25 (0.88–1.79) | 0.2 | 0.84 (0.53–1.31) | 0.4 | 1.05 (0.75–1.47) | 0.8 |
| bad | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Presence of chronic diseases | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.96 (1.33–2.89) | <0.001 | 1.88 (1.32–2.68) | <0.001 | 1.47 (1.11–1.96) | 0.01 | 2.80 (1.94–4.04) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.28–2.21) | <0.001 |
| no | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Wearing spectacles or contact lenses | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.25 (0.87–1.79) | 0.2 | 1.10 (0.79–1.54) | 0.6 | 1.53 (1.15–2.04) | 0.004 | 1.27 (0.88–1.84) | 0.2 | 1.46 (1.12–1.92) | 0.01 |
| no | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Diabetic Macular Edema/Diabetic Maculopathy (DME) | Retinal Detachment | Conjunctivitis |
Barley on the Eye
(Hordeolum) |
Chalazion | ||||||
| Variable | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | p | OR (95%CI) | Variable |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| female | 1.07 (0.68–1.68) | 0.8 | 1.63 (1.25–2.12) | <0.001 | 2.16 (1.61–2.90) | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.78–3.25) | <0.001 | 2.48 (1.82–3.40) | <0.001 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||
| 18–34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 35–49 | 0.59 (0.31–1.11) | 0.1 | 1.42 (0.99–2.04) | 0.06 | 1.29 (0.87–1.92) | 0.2 | 1.66 (1.12–2.48) | 0.01 | 1.09 (0.71–1.67) | 0.7 |
| 50–64 | 0.60 (0.31–1.15) | 0.1 | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) | 0.3 | 1.63 (1.05–2.52) | 0.03 | 1.93 (1.25–2.99) | 0.003 | 1.35 (0.88–2.10) | 0.2 |
| 65+ | 0.46 (0.20–1.07) | 0.1 | 1.09 (0.67–1.77) | 0.7 | 1.20 (0.70–2.05) | 0.5 | 1.60 (0.92–2.77) | 0.1 | 1.32 (0.76–2.30) | 0.3 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| higher | 1.05 (0.66–1.66) | 0.9 | 1.55 (1.19–2.02) | 0.001 | 1.38 (1.02–1.88) | 0.04 | 1.44 (1.06–1.96) | 0.02 | 1.44 (1.06–1.94) | 0.02 |
| less than higher | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Married | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| no | 2.14 (1.26–3.62) | 0.01 | 1.50 (1.10–2.03) | 0.01 | 0.96 (0.67–1.36) | 0.8 | 0.92 (0.64–1.31) | 0.6 | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 0.9 |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||
| rural area | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| city < 20,000 inhabitants | 1.47 (0.72–2.98) | 0.3 | 1.42 (0.95–2.13) | 0.1 | 1.19 (0.75–1.89) | 0.4 | 1.08 (0.68–1.71) | 0.8 | 1.53 (0.95–2.46) | 0.1 |
| city ≥ 20,000 and <100,000 inhabitants | 1.79 (0.99–3.22) | 0.05 | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) | 0.8 | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) | 0.8 | 1.22 (0.81–1.82) | 0.3 | 1.77 (1.18–2.65) | 0.01 |
| city ≥ 100,000 and <500,000 inhabitants | 1.01 (0.51–2.02) | 0.9 | 1.12 (0.78–1.61) | 0.6 | 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | 0.6 | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) | 0.5 | 1.44 (0.94–2.21) | 0.1 |
| city ≥ 500,000 inhabitants | 1.49 (0.73–3.04) | 0.3 | 1.45 (0.96–2.20) | 0.1 | 1.57 (0.94–2.51) | 0.1 | 1.53 (0.92–2.54) | 0.1 | 1.80 (1.12–2.88) | 0.02 |
| Having children | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.74 (0.96–3.17) | 0.07 | 1.65 (1.17–2.34) | 0.01 | 1.21 (0.83–1.78) | 0.3 | 1.42 (0.97–2.09) | 0.1 | 1.16 (0.78–1.73) | 0.5 |
| no | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Occupational activity | ||||||||||
| active | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| passive | 1.12 (0.66–1.87) | 0.7 | 0.96 (0.70–1.30) | 0.8 | 0.84 (0.59–1.18) | 0.3 | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 0.4 | 0.77 (0.54–1.10) | 0.1 |
| Economic status | ||||||||||
| good | 1.48 (0.81–2.70) | 0.2 | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 0.5 | 1.32 (0.90–1.92) | 0.2 | 1.45 (0.99–2.11) | 0.07 | 1.17 (0.79–1.73) | 0.4 |
| moderate | 1.20 (0.66–2.18) | 0.6 | 0.85 (0.61–1.18) | 0.3 | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) | 0.8 | 1.19 (0.82–1.72) | 0.4 | 1.07 (0.73–1.58) | 0.7 |
| bad | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Presence of chronic diseases | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.74 (1.10–2.77) | 0.02 | 1.32 (1.01–1.73) | 0.04 | 1.41 (1.03–1.92) | 0.03 | 1.74 (1.27–2.38) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.03–1.89) | 0.03 |
| no | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Wearing spectacles or contact lenses | ||||||||||
| yes | 1.29 (0.81–2.06) | 0.3 | 1.08 (0.82–1.40) | 0.6 | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 0.3 | 1.01 (0.74–1.36) | 0.9 | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) | 0.4 |
| no | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
All statistically significant variables are bolded.