Table 1.
Maternal and child characteristics by birthweight for gestational age status (AGA, SGA, and LGA) in 806 term-born children.
| AGA | LGA | SGA | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 674 | 100 | 32 | |
| Maternal and Infant Characteristics | ||||
| Maternal Age at Childbirth (years) | 29.4 ± 3.5 | 29.5 ± 3.2 | 29.5 ± 3.2 | 0.94 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.2 ± 3.0 | 22.8 ± 3.7 | 20.6 ± 2.6 | <0.0001 |
| Maternal Education | ||||
| Junior high school or lower | 13 (1.9) | 3 (3.0) | 1 (3.1) | 0.92 |
| High school | 71 (10.5) | 12 (12.0) | 3 (9.4) | |
| College or above | 589 (87.5) | 85 (85.0) | 28 (87.5) | |
| Maternal Passive Smoke During Pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 196 (29.2) | 33 (34.0) | 8 (25.0) | 0.53 |
| No | 475 (70.8) | 64 (66.0) | 24 (75.0) | |
| Maternal Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) Categories | ||||
| <18.5 | 120 (17.8) | 7 (7.0) | 6 (18.8) | 0.002 |
| 18.5–23.9 | 443 (65.8) | 62 (62.0) | 23 (71.9) | |
| 24–27.9 | 89 (13.2) | 22 (22.0) | 2 (6.3) | |
| >28 | 21 (3.1) | 9 (9.0) | 1 (3.1) | |
| Gestational Weight Gain | ||||
| Adequate | 256 (38.4) | 25 (25.0) | 8 (25.0) | <0.0001 |
| Excessive | 308 (46.2) | 70 (70.0) | 11 (34.4) | |
| Inadequate | 103 (15.4) | 5 (5.0) | 13 (40.6) | |
| Maternal GDM, Yes | 84 (12.5) | 12 (12.0) | 5 (15.6) | 0.86 |
| Mode of Delivery | ||||
| Vaginal delivery | 185 (27.4) | 12 (12.0) | 9 (28.1) | 0.004 |
| C-Section | 489 (72.6) | 88 (88.0) | 23 (71.9) | |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.0 | 39.1 ± 1.0 | 38.8 ± 1.0 | 0.16 |
| Birthweight (g) | 3360 ± 282 | 4145 ± 239 | 2617 ± 249 | <0.0001 |
| Infant Sex | ||||
| Boy | 354 (52.5) | 51 (51.0) | 13 (40.6) | 0.41 |
| Girl | 320 (47.5) | 49 (49.0) | 19 (59.4) | |
| Feeding Type (0–6 months) | ||||
| Formula feeding | 73 (12.7) | 9 (10.7) | 6 (23.1) | 0.12 |
| Exclusive Breastfeeding | 204 (35.5) | 34 (40.5) | 13 (50.0) | |
| Mixed breastfeeding | 297 (51.7) | 41 (48.8) | 7 (26.9) | |
| Child Exposure to Passive Smoking | ||||
| No | 317 (48.2) | 48 (50.0) | 16 (50.0) | |
| Yes | 341 (51.8) | 48 (50.0) | 16 (50.0) | 0.93 |
| Child Anthropometric Measures at 2 years | ||||
| N | 451 | 68 | 23 | |
| Child Age, Months | 23.8 ± 0.5 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | 23.7 ± 0.3 | 0.48 |
| Length | 88.8 ± 3.0 | 89.9 ± 2.9 | 86.0 ± 3.9 | <0.0001 |
| Weight | 12.8 ± 1.5 | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 12.0 ± 1.6 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.2 ± 1.4 | 16.7 ± 1.2 | 16.2 ± 1.4 | 0.01 |
| Weight for Length z-score (ZWFL) | 0.37 ± 0.96 | 0.80 ± 0.84 | 0.30 ± 0.94 | 0.002 |
| BMI for Age z-score | 0.37 ± 0.98 | 0.78 ± 0.86 | 0.40 ± 0.97 | 0.005 |
| Length for Age z-score | 0.58 ± 0.94 | 0.98 ± 0.93 | −0.23 ± 1.24 | <0.0001 |
| Weight for Age z-score | 0.60 ± 0.91 | 1.12 ± 0.83 | 0.13 ± 1.01 | <0.0001 |
| Sum of Skinfold Thickness (mm) | 22.8 ± 5.1 | 23.5 ± 5.2 | 22.8 ± 4.7 | 0.54 |
| Midupper Arm Circumference (MUAC) (cm) | 15.8 ± 1.2 | 16.2 ± 1.2 | 15.7 ± 1.0 | 0.05 |
AGA: appropriate for gestational age; SGA: small for gestational age; LGA: large for gestational age. Data are presented as mean ± SD, and n (%); χ2 tests or Fisher’s exact test were used for categorical variables and ANOVA F-tests were used for continuous variables.