Table 2.
Longitudinal data analysis of birthweight for gestational age status and growth trajectories for length, weight, BMI, and weight for length z-score by age from birth to 6 months and from 7 to ~25 months in 806 children.
| Predictors | Age 0–6 Months (Sample Size: 3262 Measures) |
Age ≥ 7 Months (Sample Size: 3087 Measures) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | |
| Birthweight-for-GA | Child Length (cm) | |||||||
| AGA | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||
| LGA | 1.31 (1.07, 1.54) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.09, 1.56) | <0.001 | 0.49 (−0.10, 1.07) | 0.11 | 0.49 (−0.09, 1.06) | 0.10 |
| SGA | −2.14 (−2.70, −1.58) | <0.001 | −2.00 (−2.53, −1.48) | <0.001 | −0.69 (−1.74, 0.37) | 0.20 | −0.54 (−1.59, 0.51) | 0.31 |
| Child Age | 3.00 (2.97, 3.03) | <0.001 | 3.00 (2.97, 3.02) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | <0.001 | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | <0.001 |
| Child age × AGA | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Child age × LGA | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.02) | 0.01 | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.02) | 0.011 | 0.03 (−0.005, 0.06) | 0.10 | 0.03 (−0.005, 0.06) | 0.10 |
| Child age × SGA | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.17) | 0.51 | 0.04 (−0.08, 0.17) | 0.50 | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03) | 0.005 | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03) | 0.005 |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||||
| AGA | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||
| LGA | 0.66 (0.59, 0.73) | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.59, 0.74) | <0.001 | 0.23 (−0.05, 0.51) | 0.10 | 0.24 (−0.04, 0.52) | 0.09 |
| SGA | −0.71 (−0.85, −0.57) | <0.001 | −0.67 (−0.80, −0.53) | <0.001 | −0.46 (−0.88, −0.04) | 0.03 | −0.40 (−0.81, 0.009) | 0.06 |
| Child Age | 0.84 (0.83, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.84 (0.83, 0.85) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.21, 0.22) | <0.001 | 0.22 (0.21, 0.22) | <0.001 |
| Child age × AGA | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Child age × LGA | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.008) | 0.01 | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.008) | 0.01 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | <0.001 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | <0.001 |
| Child age × SGA | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.86 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.05) | 0.84 | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.31 | −0.02 (−0.05, 0.02) | 0.31 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| AGA | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||
| LGA | 1.71 (1.52, 1.90) | <0.001 | 1.71 (1.52, 1.90) | <0.001 | 0.42 (−0.02, 0.85) | 0.06 | 0.42 (−0.01, 0.86) | 0.06 |
| SGA | −1.59 (−1.96, −1.23) | <0.001 | −1.56 (−1.93, −1.19) | <0.001 | −0.67 (−1.32, −0.01) | 0.05 | −0.63 (−1.27, 0.007) | 0.05 |
| Child Age | 0.74 (0.72, 0.76) | <0.001 | 0.74 (0.72, 0.76) | <0.001 | −0.11 (−0.11, −0.10) | <0.001 | −0.11 (−0.11, −0.10) | <0.001 |
| Child age × AGA | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Child age × LGA | −0.23 (−0.28, −0.18) | <0.001 | −0.23 (−0.28, −0.18) | <0.001 | 0.009 (−0.009, 0.03) | 0.33 | 0.01 (−0.009, 0.03) | 0.32 |
| Child age × SGA | 0.18 (0.09, 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.09, 0.28) | <0.001 | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.19 | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.19 |
| Weight for length z-score | ||||||||
| AGA | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||
| LGA | 0.95 (0.81, 1.08) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.81, 1.08) | <0.001 | 0.28 (0.01, 0.54) | 0.04 | 0.28 (0.008, 0.54) | 0.04 |
| SGA | −0.84 (−1.14, −0.54) | <0.001 | −0.85 (−1.14, −0.54) | <0.001 | −0.40 (−0.80, 0.003) | 0.05 | −0.40 (−0.80, −0.005) | 0.05 |
| Child age (months) | 0.10 (0.08, 0.11) | <0.001 | 0.10 (0.08, 0.11) | <0.001 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.02) | <0.001 | −0.02 (−0.03, −0.02) | <0.001 |
| Child age × AGA | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Child age × LGA | −0.12 (−0.15, −0.08) | <0.001 | −0.12 (−0.15, −0.08) | <0.001 | 0.009 (−0.002, 0.02) | 0.12 | 0.009 (−0.002, 0.02) | 0.12 |
| Child age × SGA | 0.11 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.002 | 0.11 (0.04, 0.19) | 0.002 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.37 | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.04) | 0.38 |
Model 1: y = β0 + β1 * LGA + β2 * SGA + β3 * child age + β4 * child age * LGA + β5 * child age * SGA; Model 2: y = β0 + β1 * LGA + β2 * SGA + β3 * child age + β4 * child age * LGA + β5 * child age * SGA + covariates. Covariates included in the model were maternal passive smoking during pregnancy (yes/no), mode of delivery, infant sex, feeding type at age 0–6 months, and child passive smoking (yes/no).