Table 4.
Biomaterial modification for modulating immune responses. ”+” applicable, “NA” not analyzed.
| Engineering Parameters |
Modifications | Outcome | Applicable for Ceramics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface chemistry |
Surface charge (anionic) |
↑IL-10, ↓IL-8 | + | [158] |
| Surface charge (cationic) |
↓IL-10, ↓IL- 1RA | + | ||
| Hydrophilicity | ↑IL-4, ↑IL-10, ↑TGF-β, ↑BMP2 ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1β, ↓IL-6 |
+ | [158,166,167] | |
| Topography | Micro/ Nanopattern |
↑IL-10, ↑IL-4, ↑IL-13, ↓TNF-α, ↓IFN-g |
+ | [158,166,167,168,169,170,171,172] |
| High porosity | ↑Arginase | + | [158] | |
| Large pore | ↑Arginase, ↓iNOS, ↓IL-1R1 |
+ | [128,158,173] | |
| Roughness | ↑IL-4, ↑IL-10, ↑IL-11, ↑IL-13 | + | [166,167,172,174,175,176] [177] |
|
| Bioactive molecule incorporation |
Proteins | ↑ (BMP-2), ↓iNOS, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-1β |
+ | [158] |
| Nucleic acids | ↓ (MALAT1),↑IDO | + | [158] | |
| Anti inflammatory drugs |
↑IL-10, ↓IL-1β | + | [158] | |
| Cytokines | (IL-4) ↓TNF-α | + | [158] | |
| Cytokines (OSM) | ↑STAT-3, ↑ALP | [158] | ||
| highly sulfated hyaluronan (HA) | ↓IL-6-, ↓IFN-g↓, MCP-1 ↑IL-10 |
+ | [127] | |
| Hyaluronic acid (HA) | ↓TNF-α, ↓IL-1, ↓IL-6. | + | [178] | |
| fibrin hydrogels | ↓TNF-α ↑ IL-10 | + | [136] | |
| grafted unsaturated polyurethane films |
↑IL-10, ↑TGF-β | N/A | [179] |