Table 1.

Fiber characteristics of some important agricultural residues.

Agriculture Residue	Wall Thickness (µm)	Lumen Diameter (µm)	Fiber Width (µm)	Fiber Length (mm)	Reference
Sugarcane bagasse	5.63	9.72	20.96	1.59	[25]
Banana fiber	5.20	29.40	41.60	2.84	[26]
Barley straw	4.07	6.97	15.26	0.67	[27]
Canola straw	7.43	11.9	28	1.21	[28]
Coconut husk/coir fibers	2.91–4.02	10.71–12.97	17.52–20.68	0.69–1.06	[29]
Coconut husk/coir fibers	4.41	13.59	20.09	0.84	[30]
Coconut husk/coir fibers	3.30	10.71	17.60	0.67	[27]
Sunflower stalk	5.85	11.12	22.84	0.96	[31]
Sunflower stalk	5.90	11.90	23.70	0.96	[32]
Kenaf bark	4.2	11.9	21.9	2.32	[33]
Kenaf fiber (core)	4.3	13.2	22.2	0.74	[34]
Maize stalks	2.00	4.40	8.40	1.52	[35]
Maize stalks	4.19	10.92	20.12	0.88	[31]
Maize stalks	8.82	13.67	30.19	1.52	[36]
Maize Husk	8.82	13.67	30.19	1.37	[36]
Maize straw	3.68	9.73	17.18	0.75	[27]
Miscanthus x giganteus Stalks	4.64	5.76	15.17	0.50	[27]
Rapeseed straw	1.17	23.02	12.50	5.26	[37]
Rapeseed straw	4.31	15.50	24.12	0.95	[31]
Rapeseed straw	2.25	8.60	13.10	1.20	[38]
Rapeseed straw	4.91	19.10	28.00	1.03	[3]
Rapeseed up	4.25	9.73	18.36	0.71	[27]
Rapeseed low	3.86	11.04	18.99	0.57	[27]
Rice straw	3.02	4.52	10.77	0.54	[27]
Rice straw	1.50	1.90	4.90	0.66	[35]
Rice straw	3.16	4.57	10.89	0.83	[31]
Rice straw	1.83	5.6	11.6	0.78	[39]
Sugarcane	NA	NA	19.35–20.96	1.22–1.59	[40]
Sugarcane bagasse	4.50	10.25	19.86	1.15	[27]
Sugarcane bagasse	1.60	5.20	8.40	1.70	[41]
Sugarcane bagasse	7.74	6.27	21.40	1.51	[42]
Sugarcane bagasse	5.64	9.72	20.96	1.59	[40]
Sunflower stalk	4.80	13.23	22.99	0.64	[27]
Wheat straw	4.59	4.02	13.20	0.74	[43]
Wheat straw	4.13	8.34	16.87	0.78	[27]
Wheat straw	1.60	6.80	9.90	0.85	[35]

NA: not available. The variation in sugarcane bagasse fiber characteristics depends on multiple factors, e.g., climate, cultivation conditions, varieties, methodology, and geographical distribution.