Table 2.

Clinical and animal modeling of neurologic disease with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) infection.

Species		Neurologic Signs	Route of Infection	References
Human	Clinical	Signs: drowsiness, coma, seizures, convulsions, depression, disorientation, paralysis, encephalitis Sequelae: paralysis, convulsions, somnolence, seizures, coma, confusion, epilepsy, intellectual disability, altered personality, mental incapacity, photophobia, hearing loss, anosmia, ageusia, depression, recurrent headaches, fatigue	Aerosol or subcutaneous	[14,19,44,45,50]
Mouse	BALB/c	Succumb prior to neurologic signs	Aerosol or subcutaneous	[52,53,54]
	CD-1	Hind limb paralysis	Subcutaneous	[33,51,55]
	CB17	Paralysis	Subcutaneous	[56]
	SCID	Severe aggression, ataxia, unresponsiveness to stimuli	Subcutaneous	[56]
Hamster	Golden Syrian	Succumb prior to neurologic signs	Aerosol or subcutaneous	[57,58]
Non-human Primate	Cynomolgus Macaques	Ataxia, fever, depression, tremors, twitching, photophobia, nystagmus, hypothermia	Aerosol	[52,59,60]
		No clinical or neurologic signs	Cutaneous	[42,61]