Table 1.
List of 3D-printed models that were printed with different printers and materials for medical applications.
| Anatomical Region | Number of Models | Original Data Source | Applications of 3D Printed Models | 3D Printer/Printing Materials/Costs | 3D Printing Parameters (Resolution, Printing Time) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system | |||||
| Heart | 4 | CT | Congenital heart disease for education and preoperative planning | Printer: Anycubic Photon S Material: Polyurethane (PU) 80A Cost: USD 25 per model |
Model was printed at a resolution of 47 μm for the x- and y-axis planes; 10 μm for z-axis planes Time: ~10 h per model |
| Coronary artery | 6 | CT | Coronary stenosis for optimal CT protocols | Printer: Anycubic Photon S Material: Polyurethane (PU) 80A Cost: USD 15 per model |
Model was printed at a resolution of 47 μm for the x- and y-axis planes. 10 μm for z-axis planes Time: ~6 h per model |
| Calcified plaque | 22 | N/A | For the simulation of calcified plaques | Printer: The mould (circular rod) was printed with polylactic acid (PLA) using Ultimaker 2 + Extended Material: Silicone + 32.8% calcium carbonate Cost: USD 10 for the mould |
The mould was printed at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x, y and z-axis planes. Time: ~3 h for the mould |
| Aorta | 6: Abdominal aortic aneurysm: 5 Aortic dissection: 1 |
CT | Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection for the simulation of endovascular repair and CT protocols | Printer: Ultimaker 2+ Extended/Raise3D N2 Plus Materials: Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) 95A, PLA, polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polymethacrylate (PMMA) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) Cost: USD 50 per model |
Aorta was printed with PLA, HIPS, PMMA were at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x, y and z-axis planes. Aorta was printed with TPU95A was at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x and y-axis planes; 10 μm for z-axis plane Time: ~100 h per model |
| Tumours | |||||
| Breast | 1 | MRI | Breast cancer model for breast MRI protocols | Printer: Breast skin shell was printed using Raise3D N2 Plus; Fibroglandular tissues were printed using Anycubic Photon S Materials: Breast skin shell was printed PLA; Fibroglandular tissues were printed using Magma H LINE Photopolymer Resin Cost: USD 30 for breast skin shell and USD 25 for fibroglandular tissues |
Breast skin shell was printed at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x and y-axis planes; 10 μm for z-axis plane Fibroglandular tissues were printed at a resolution of 47 μm for the x, y and z-axis planes Time: ~40 h for breast skin shell and 50 h for fibroglandular tissues |
| Biliary cyst | 1 | CT | Accuracy and preoperative planning | Ultimaker 2+ Extended Material: TPU 95A Cost: USD 35 |
Model was printed at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x, y and z-axis plane Time: ~70 h |
| Pancreas | 2: Pancreatic tumour: 1 Abdominal aorta and branches: 1 |
CT | Pancreatic cancer for preoperative planning and education | Printer: Abdominal aorta and arterial branches were printed using Anycubic Photon S. Pancreatic tumour was printed using Raise3D N2 Plus. Materials: Abdominal aorta and arterial branches were printed with PU80A; Pancreatic tumour was printed with PLA Cost: USD 20 |
Abdominal aorta and arterial branches were printed at a resolution of 47 μm x, y and z-axis planes. Pancreatic tumour was printed at resolution of 12.5 μm x, y and z-axis planes Time: ~20 h |
| Kidneys | 1 | CT | Renal cell carcinoma for preoperative planning | Ultimaker 2+ Extended Material: TPU 95A Cost: USD 20 |
Model was printed at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x, y and z-axis planes Time: ~70 h |
| Others (thoracic and abdominal organs) | |||||
| Chest (lungs, thoracic vertebral column and ribs) | 1 with three compoents: lung shell, thoracic ribs/vertebrae and trachea | CT | Creation of anatomical environment for cardiovascular imaging studies | Printer: Thoracic ribs and lung shell were printed using Raise3D N2 Plus; Trachea was printed using Ultimaker 2+ Extended Materials: Thoracic ribs/vertebrae and lung shell were printed with PLA Trachea was printed with TPU 95A. Cost: USD 75 for thoracic ribs and lung shell; USD 10 for trachea |
Thoracic ribs and lung shell were printed at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x and y-axis planes; 10 μm for z-axis plane Trachea was printed at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x, y and z-axis planes Time: ~450 h for thoracic ribs and lung shell; ~17 h for trachea |
| Abdomen and pelvis | Stomach: 1 Kidneys: 1 Spleen: 1 Bladder: 1 Uterus: 1 Skeleton: 1 |
CT | Multiple organs for a case of situs ambiguus | Printer: Skeleton was printed using Raise3D N2 Plus (Raise3D, USA) Other organs were printed using Ultimaker 2+ Extended (Ultimaker BV, Netherland) Material: Skeleton: PLA Other organs: TPU 95A Cost: USD 55 for skeleton and USD 75 for other organs |
Skeleton was printed with a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x and y-axis planes and 10 μm for z-axis plane Other organs were printed at a resolution of 12.5 μm for the x, y and z-axis plane Time: Skeleton: ~250 h Other organs: ~250 h |