Table 6.
Biological activities of the compounds identified in the fruit essential oil, fruit, and root methanol extracts of Ferula drudeana.
| Secondary Metabolite | Biological Activities |
|---|---|
| β-Pinene (1) | Antibacterial, anticandidal [51,52], antibiofilm [53], phytotoxic [54], antidepressant-like activity [55], cytotoxic [56], gastroprotective [57], anticonvulsant [58] |
| α-Copaene (2) | Cytotoxic, antioxidant, antigenotoxic [59,60], insect attractant [61], analgesic and anti-inflammatory [62] |
| β-Elemene (3) | Antitumor, anticancer activity [63,64,65,66,67,68], antimigraine [69] |
| Germacrene D (4) | Cytotoxic, antioxidant, insecticidal [70], insect attractant [71], antibacterial [72] |
| Bicyclogermacrene (5) | Larvicidal [73], radical scavenger [74] |
| (E)-α-Bisabolene (6) | Antioxidant [75], cytotoxic [76], anti-inflammatory [77], antifungal [78] |
| Shyobunone (8) | Insecticidal, repellent activity [79], neuroprotective, cholinesterase inhibitor, anti-Alzheimer [21], antibacterial (against Helicobacter pylori) [80] |
| 6-epi-shyobunone (9) | Cholinesterase inhibitor, anti-Alzheimer, neuroprotective [21] |
| Epi-isoshyobunone (11) | Insecticidal, repellent activity [79], cholinesterase inhibitor, anti-Alzheimer, neuroprotective [21] |
| α-Bisabolol (12) | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic [81], antioxidant, anti-infective [82], cytotoxic [83], gastroprotective [84], nephroprotective [85], uterorelaxant [86], antileishmanial [87], antitumoral [88] |
| Cynarine (16) (1,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid) | Antimicrobial [89], hepatoprotective [90], antihypertensive, vasodilator [91], choleretic [92], antioxidant [93], anti-inflammatory [94,95], antidiabetic [96,97], antidepressant [98], antivitiligo [99], anti-HIV-1 [100], Ebola virus inhibitor [101], Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor [102] |
| Chlorogenic acid (13) (5-Caffeoylquinic acid) | Antimicrobial [89], hepatoprotective [90], antihypertensive, vasodilator [91], antitumor [103], anti-inflammatory [104], improves late diabetes [105], protects against cholestatic liver injury [106], neuroprotective [107], antiviral activity against influenza A (H1N1/H3N2) virus [108], antidiabetic and antilipidemic [109], inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma [110], anxiolytic and antioxidant [111], antihyperalgesic [112], cardioprotective [113], neuroprotective and cognitive improvement [114], improves hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance [115], alleviates obesity and modulates gut microbiota [116], ameliorates ulcerative colitis [117], inhibits glioblastoma growth [118], induces 4T1 breast cancer tumor’s apoptosis [119], strong matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibitor [120] |
| 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (15) (Isochlorogenic acid A) | Promotes melanin synthesis [121], antirosacea [122], antioxidant [93,123] |
| 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (17) (Isochlorogenic acid C) | Antirosacea [122], antioxidant [93,123] |
| Cynaroside (18) (Luteolin-7-glucoside) | Choleretic and anticholestatic [124], antioxidant [125,126,127,128], anticholinesterase [125], antibacterial against multidrug-resistant clinical isolate strains [129], anti-inflammatory [128,130,131,132], antiallergic [132], inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B [133], inhibitor of low-density lipoprotein oxidation [134], antidiabetic [135,136,137], antidepressant [138], cytotoxic, anticancer [139,140,141,142,143,144], antimicrobial [89,145], antimutagenic [145], hepatoprotective [90], chondroprotective [146], CYP1A2 inhibitor [147], intestinal motility [148], retinal protective [149] |
| Apigenin-7-glucoside (19) | Antibacterial [150], antibacterial and antifungal [151], inhibition of α-amylase activity [152], anticandidal [153], cytotoxic, anticancer [142,153,154,155] |
| Homoplantaginin (20) (Hispidulin- 7-glucoside) | Antioxidant [156,157], antiproteasomal [158], collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase enzyme inhibitory [159] |