Table 1. Baseline Characteristics.
| Verapamil (n = 47) | Placebo (n = 41) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, y | ||
| Mean (SD) | 13.1 (2.6) | 12.3 (2.1) |
| Median (IQR) | 12.7 (10.9-15.5) | 12.2 (10.9-13.5) |
| Sex, No. (%) | ||
| Female | 20 (43) | 16 (39) |
| Male | 27 (57) | 25 (61) |
| Race, No. (%)a | ||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 (2) | 0 |
| Asian | 0 | 1 (2) |
| Black or African American | 2 (4) | 1 (2) |
| White | 44 (94) | 35 (85) |
| Multiple | 0 | 4 (10)b |
| Hispanic ethnicity, No. (%)c | 8 (17) | 7 (17) |
| Annual household income, No. (%) | (n = 46) | (n = 34) |
| <$50 000 | 10 (22) | 5 (15) |
| $50 000-<$100 000 | 9 (20) | 9 (26) |
| ≥$100 000 | 27 (59) | 20 (59) |
| Highest parental education, No. (%) | ||
| <Bachelor’s degree | 12 (26) | 13 (32) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 21 (45) | 16 (39) |
| Graduate or professional degree | 14 (30) | 12 (29) |
| Health insurance, No. (%) | ||
| Private | 38 (81) | 37 (90) |
| Government-sponsored | 7 (15) | 4 (10) |
| None | 2 (4) | 0 |
| Body mass index percentile, median (IQR)d | 73 (33-90) | 57 (32-84) [n = 40] |
| Time from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes to randomization, d | ||
| Mean (SD) | 24 (5) | 25 (4) |
| Median (IQR) | 25 (21-27) | 26 (23-27) |
| Hemoglobin A1c at randomization, mean (SD), % | 10.3 (1.7) | 10.2 (1.2) [n = 39] |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis, No./total (%)e | 28/46 (61) | 23/41 (56) |
| Tanner stage, No. (%)f | ||
| 1g | 9 (19) | 12 (29) |
| 2-5h | 38 (81) | 29 (71) |
Solicited from the participant in response to this question: “Which of the following racial designations best describes you?” The fixed categories allowed for the reporting of more than 1 race.
One participant identified as Black, Native American, and White; 1 participant identified as White and Asian; 1 participant identified as White and Native American; and 1 participant identified as White and Black.
Solicited from the participant in response to this question: “Do you consider yourself to be Hispanic/Latino or not Hispanic/Latino?”
Based on age, sex, body weight, and height using growth charts developed by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Defined as hyperglycemia associated with a level of serum ketones greater than 1.5 mmol/L or large or moderate urine ketones; arterial blood pH less than 7.30, venous pH less than 7.24, or serum bicarbonate less than 15; and treatment provided in a health care facility.
Based on pubic hair growth for males and females plus breast development for females.
Stage reflects no pubic hair at all and no breast glandular tissue (typically age of ≤10 years).
Stages reflect gradually greater amount of pubic hair and breast development.