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. 2022 Apr 22;63(2):328–337. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnac058

Table 2.

Growth Model of Loneliness Conditioned on Sexual Identity Group

Model variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5
Est. SE Est. SE Est. SE Est. SE Est. SE
Intercept 0.783*** 0.013 0.843*** 0.016 1.724*** 0.018 2.340*** 0.017 2.755*** 0.020
 Sexual identity (ref = hetero. man)
  Heterosexual woman 0.008 0.017 −0.000 0.017 −0.018 0.015 0.086*** 0.013 0.057*** 0.013
  Bisexual-plus man 0.313** 0.108 0.304** 0.108 0.330*** 0.094 0.250** 0.084 0.264*** 0.079
  Bisexual-plus woman 0.053 0.099 0.059 0.099 0.017 0.087 0.016 0.078 −0.006 0.073
  Gay man 0.076 0.104 0.084 0.103 0.035 0.090 0.093 0.081 0.072 0.076
  Lesbian woman −0.019 0.104 −0.005 0.103 −0.081 0.090 0.076 0.080 0.029 0.075
Rate of change (age)—linear −0.014*** 0.001 −0.014*** 0.001 −0.009*** 0.001 −0.009*** 0.001 −0.007*** 0.001
 Sexual identity (ref = hetero. man)
  Heterosexual woman 0.005* 0.002 0.004* 0.002 0.004* 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
  Bisexual-plus man −0.027* 0.012 −0.026* 0.012 −0.037*** 0.011 −0.039*** 0.010 −0.043*** 0.010
  Bisexual-plus woman 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.009
  Gay man −0.006 0.014 −0.006 0.014 −0.000 0.013 −0.011 0.012 −0.007 0.012
  Lesbian woman 0.003 0.013 0.004 0.013 −0.001 0.012 0.001 0.012 −0.001 0.011
Rate of change (age)—quadratic 0.000*** 0.000 0.000*** 0.000 0.000*** 0.000 0.000*** 0.000 0.000*** 0.000
 Sexual identity (ref = hetero. man)
  Heterosexual woman −0.000** 0.000 −0.000** 0.000 −0.000* 0.000 −0.000* 0.000 −0.000 0.000
  Bisexual-plus man 0.001*** 0.000 0.001*** 0.000 0.002*** 0.000 0.002*** 0.000 0.002*** 0.000
  Bisexual-plus woman −0.000 0.000 −0.000 0.000 −0.000 0.000 −0.000 0.000 −0.000 0.000
  Gay man 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
  Lesbian woman −0.000 0.001 −0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 −0.000 0.000 −0.000 0.000
Socioeconomic status
 Personal annual income ($10,000’s) −0.003*** 0.001 −0.000 0.001
 Highest educational qualification (ref = less than Year 12)
  Masters or doctorate −0.092*** 0.025 −0.017 0.018
  Graduate diploma/certificate −0.111*** 0.023 −0.027 0.016
  Bachelor’s degree or honors −0.090*** 0.020 −0.019 0.013
  Advanced diploma, diploma −0.078*** 0.019 −0.021 0.013
  Certificate III or IV −0.035* 0.015 −0.016 0.010
  High school (Year 12) −0.029 0.022 −0.003 0.015
Health status
 Physical functioning (0–100) −0.001*** 0.000 −0.000 0.000
 Mental health (0–100) −0.012*** 0.000 −0.008*** 0.000
Social support and connectedness
 Social connectedness (0–7) −0.045*** 0.002 −0.033*** 0.002
 Social support index (1–7) −0.264*** 0.003 −0.230*** 0.003
Model fit statistics
 AIC 123,580.3 123,530.8 118,561.7 113,446.2 110,747.2
 BIC 123,784.0 123,808.7 118,784.0 113,668.5 111,062.1

Notes: SE = standard error.

Statistical significance: *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.

Source: Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, Waves 1 (2001) to 19 (2019). 77,775 person-year observations.