Table 2.
Growth Model of Loneliness Conditioned on Sexual Identity Group
| Model variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | SE | Est. | SE | Est. | SE | Est. | SE | Est. | SE | |
| Intercept | 0.783*** | 0.013 | 0.843*** | 0.016 | 1.724*** | 0.018 | 2.340*** | 0.017 | 2.755*** | 0.020 |
| Sexual identity (ref = hetero. man) | ||||||||||
| Heterosexual woman | 0.008 | 0.017 | −0.000 | 0.017 | −0.018 | 0.015 | 0.086*** | 0.013 | 0.057*** | 0.013 |
| Bisexual-plus man | 0.313** | 0.108 | 0.304** | 0.108 | 0.330*** | 0.094 | 0.250** | 0.084 | 0.264*** | 0.079 |
| Bisexual-plus woman | 0.053 | 0.099 | 0.059 | 0.099 | 0.017 | 0.087 | 0.016 | 0.078 | −0.006 | 0.073 |
| Gay man | 0.076 | 0.104 | 0.084 | 0.103 | 0.035 | 0.090 | 0.093 | 0.081 | 0.072 | 0.076 |
| Lesbian woman | −0.019 | 0.104 | −0.005 | 0.103 | −0.081 | 0.090 | 0.076 | 0.080 | 0.029 | 0.075 |
| Rate of change (age)—linear | −0.014*** | 0.001 | −0.014*** | 0.001 | −0.009*** | 0.001 | −0.009*** | 0.001 | −0.007*** | 0.001 |
| Sexual identity (ref = hetero. man) | ||||||||||
| Heterosexual woman | 0.005* | 0.002 | 0.004* | 0.002 | 0.004* | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bisexual-plus man | −0.027* | 0.012 | −0.026* | 0.012 | −0.037*** | 0.011 | −0.039*** | 0.010 | −0.043*** | 0.010 |
| Bisexual-plus woman | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.009 |
| Gay man | −0.006 | 0.014 | −0.006 | 0.014 | −0.000 | 0.013 | −0.011 | 0.012 | −0.007 | 0.012 |
| Lesbian woman | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.004 | 0.013 | −0.001 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.012 | −0.001 | 0.011 |
| Rate of change (age)—quadratic | 0.000*** | 0.000 | 0.000*** | 0.000 | 0.000*** | 0.000 | 0.000*** | 0.000 | 0.000*** | 0.000 |
| Sexual identity (ref = hetero. man) | ||||||||||
| Heterosexual woman | −0.000** | 0.000 | −0.000** | 0.000 | −0.000* | 0.000 | −0.000* | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bisexual-plus man | 0.001*** | 0.000 | 0.001*** | 0.000 | 0.002*** | 0.000 | 0.002*** | 0.000 | 0.002*** | 0.000 |
| Bisexual-plus woman | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 |
| Gay man | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Lesbian woman | −0.000 | 0.001 | −0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.000 | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||||||||
| Personal annual income ($10,000’s) | −0.003*** | 0.001 | −0.000 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Highest educational qualification (ref = less than Year 12) | ||||||||||
| Masters or doctorate | −0.092*** | 0.025 | −0.017 | 0.018 | ||||||
| Graduate diploma/certificate | −0.111*** | 0.023 | −0.027 | 0.016 | ||||||
| Bachelor’s degree or honors | −0.090*** | 0.020 | −0.019 | 0.013 | ||||||
| Advanced diploma, diploma | −0.078*** | 0.019 | −0.021 | 0.013 | ||||||
| Certificate III or IV | −0.035* | 0.015 | −0.016 | 0.010 | ||||||
| High school (Year 12) | −0.029 | 0.022 | −0.003 | 0.015 | ||||||
| Health status | ||||||||||
| Physical functioning (0–100) | −0.001*** | 0.000 | −0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Mental health (0–100) | −0.012*** | 0.000 | −0.008*** | 0.000 | ||||||
| Social support and connectedness | ||||||||||
| Social connectedness (0–7) | −0.045*** | 0.002 | −0.033*** | 0.002 | ||||||
| Social support index (1–7) | −0.264*** | 0.003 | −0.230*** | 0.003 | ||||||
| Model fit statistics | ||||||||||
| AIC | 123,580.3 | 123,530.8 | 118,561.7 | 113,446.2 | 110,747.2 | |||||
| BIC | 123,784.0 | 123,808.7 | 118,784.0 | 113,668.5 | 111,062.1 |
Notes: SE = standard error.
Statistical significance: *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Source: Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, Waves 1 (2001) to 19 (2019). 77,775 person-year observations.