Table 1.
Study characteristics (N=75).
| Characteristic | Studies, n (%) | |
| Year of study | ||
|
|
2010-2013 | 4 (5) |
|
|
2014-2016 | 13 (17) |
|
|
2017-2019 | 26 (35) |
|
|
2020-2022 | 32 (43) |
| Country of origin | ||
|
|
United States | 48 (64) |
|
|
England | 6 (8) |
|
|
Ireland | 3 (4) |
|
|
Sweden | 3 (4) |
|
|
Germany | 3 (4) |
|
|
Othera | 12 (16) |
| Study context | ||
|
|
Clinical care | 33 (44) |
|
|
Research | 29 (39) |
|
|
Consumer innovations | 13 (17) |
| Study purpose | ||
|
|
Willingness to share PHIb | 25 (33) |
|
|
Usability and user comprehension | 25 (33) |
|
|
Willingness to participate | 12 (16) |
|
|
Consent information needs | 6 (8) |
|
|
eConsentc design and implementation | 7 (9) |
| Study methods | ||
|
|
Quantitative | 36 (48) |
|
|
Mixed methods | 23 (31) |
|
|
Qualitative | 14 (19) |
|
|
Multimethods | 2 (3) |
| Study design | ||
|
|
Cross-sectional survey | 35 (47) |
|
|
Focus groups | 11 (15) |
|
|
Randomized controlled trial | 7 (9) |
|
|
Interviews | 4 (5) |
|
|
Multiple methods | 12 (16) |
|
|
Other | 6 (8) |
| Study sample or population | ||
|
|
Research, biobank, or patient | 54 (72) |
|
|
General populationd | 19 (25) |
|
|
Knowledge users | 2 (3) |
| Sample subgroup analysis | ||
|
|
No | 57 (76) |
|
|
Yese | 18 (24) |
| Presence of an eConsent platform | ||
|
|
Yes, they are developing one | 16 (21) |
|
|
Yes, there is one that exists | 20 (27) |
|
|
None used | 39 (52) |
aCountry of origin: countries categorized as Other included Australia (2/75, 3%), Canada (2/75, 3%), South Korea (2/75, 3%), Switzerland (2/75, 3%), Colombia (1/75, 1%), Denmark (1/75, 1%), India (1/75, 1%), and Singapore (1/75, 1%).
bPHI: personal health information.
ceConsent: electronic consent.
dGeneral population can be further divided into studies that focus on a national population (8/75, 11%) or on a regional-, provincial-, or state-level population (11/75, 15%).
eSample subgroup analysis: Yes—studies conducted a subgroup analysis to understand whether participant demographic characteristics (eg, race and ethnicity, education, age, digital and health literacy, income, and sex and gender) affected their consent preferences and behaviors.