Table 2.

Spectrum of consent models reported (N=75).

Type of consent	Frequency, n (%)
Broad open—existing data and PHIa do not require additional consent for use	11 (15)
Broad controlled—if consent is provided, data will only be used by approved investigators	4 (5)
Broad tiered, menu, or meta—consent process allows participants to select the types of research for which their PHI can be used	3 (4)
Dynamic consent—consent process allows participants to set and change their consent preferences through a secure platform	8 (11)
General denial—consent is required by participants on a per-use basis	2 (3)
Multiple consent models reported	7 (9)
Consent model not reported	40 (53)

^aPHI: personal health information.