Table 2.
Overall global test results and between-group differences in maternal psychological distress in the generalized estimating equations analysis.
| Outcomes and time | Digital GSH-MBIa group, mean (SD) | Control group, mean (SD) | Estimated mean difference, mean (95% CI) | P value | Cohen d | Group × time | |||||||||||
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Wald χ2 (df) | P value | ||||||||||
| Depression | 20.6 (5) | .001 | |||||||||||||||
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T1b | 8.91 (3.54) | 9.43 (3.26) | −0.53 (−1.57 to 0.52) | .33 | N/Ac |
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T2d | 5.21 (4.46) | 7.86 (5.07) | −2.64 (−4.12 to −1.16) | ＜.001 | 0.56 (0.24 to 0.87) |
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T3e | 4.48 (4.22) | 8.60 (5.58) | −4.22 (−5.79 to −2.66) | ＜.001 | 0.84 (0.50 to 1.17) |
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T4f | 5.81 (5.27) | 9.25 (6.34) | −3.23 (−5.10 to −1.37) | .001 | 0.59 (0.26 to 0.92) |
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T5g | 5.25 (4.47) | 8.27 (6.31) | −3.18 (−4.94 to −1.43) | ＜.001 | 0.56 (0.23 to 0.90) |
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T6h | 5.54 (5.44) | 8.45 (6.53) | −2.51 (−4.57 to −0.45) | .02 | 0.49 (0.15 to 0.83) |
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| Anxiety | 24.7 (5) | ＜.001 | |||||||||||||||
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T1 | 5.56 (2.61) | 5.80 (3.14) | −0.24 (−1.13 to 0.65) | .60 | N/A |
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T2 | 3.14 (2.74) | 5.61 (3.04) | −2.46 (−3.36 to −1.56) | ＜.001 | 0.85 (0.52 to 1.18) |
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T3 | 3.32 (3.19) | 6.18 (3.83) | −2.62 (−3.76 to −1.48) | ＜.001 | 0.82 (0.48 to 1.15) |
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T4 | 4.49 (3.63) | 7.31 (4.49) | −2.74 (−4.04 to −1.44) | ＜.001 | 0.69 (0.36 to 1.02) |
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T5 | 4.34 (3.31) | 5.90 (4.71) | −1.60 (−2.91 to −0.29) | .02 | 0.39 (0.05 to 0.72) |
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T6 | 3.75 (3.28) | 5.90 (4.76) | −1.52 (−2.92 to −0.13) | .03 | 0.53 (0.19 to 0.87) |
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| Pregnancy-related anxiety | 46.5 (2) | ＜.001 | |||||||||||||||
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T1 | 22.61 (4.53) | 21.88 (4.64) | 0.74 (−0.67 to 2.15) | .31 | N/A |
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T2 | 19.47 (4.03) | 23.15 (5.55) | −3.70 (−5.20 to −2.19) | ＜.001 | 0.76 (0.43 to 1.08) |
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T3 | 19.41 (4.98) | 24.22 (5.77) | −4.92 (−6.60 to −3.23) | ＜.001 | 0.89 (0.55 to 1.23) |
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aGSH-MBI: guided self-help mindfulness-based intervention.
bT1: baseline (12-20 weeks of gestation).
cN/A: not applicable.
dT2: immediately after the intervention (about 20-28 weeks of gestation).
eT3: before birth (36-37 weeks of gestation).
fT4: 6 weeks post partum.
gT5: 3 months post partum.
hT6: 6 months post partum.