Table 3.
Differences in infant neuropsychological development between the intervention and control groups.a
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Digital GSH-MBIb group, mean (SD) | Control group, mean (SD) | β (95% CI) | Cohen d (95% CI) | P value | |||||||
| Temperament | ||||||||||||
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6 weeks | |||||||||||
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Activity level | 3.51 (0.63) | 3.60 (0.65) | .07 (−0.10 to 0.23) | 0.15 (−0.18 to 0.47) | .43 | |||||
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Rhythmicity | 3.23 (0.61) | 3.37 (0.62) | .11 (−0.06 to 0.27) | 0.23 (−0.10 to 0.55) | .20 | |||||
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Approach | 2.50 (0.82) | 2.56 (0.92) | .03 (−0.13 to 0.20) | 0.07 (−0.26 to 0.39) | .70 | |||||
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Adaptabilityc | 2.57 (0.75) | 2.94 (0.78) | .22 (0.06 to 0.38) | 0.48 (0.15 to 0.81) | .006 | |||||
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Intensity of reaction | 3.34 (0.79) | 3.55 (0.88) | .12 (−0.04 to 0.29) | 0.25 (−0.08 to 0.57) | .13 | |||||
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Quality of moodc | 3.09 (0.52) | 3.41 (0.68) | .25 (0.09 to 0.41) | 0.53 (0.20 to 0.86) | .002 | |||||
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Attention span | 3.34 (0.81) | 3.61 (0.73) | .17 (0.01 to 0.33) | 0.35 (0.03 to 0.67) | .04 | |||||
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Distractibilityc | 2.42 (0.71) | 2.88 (0.71) | .30 (0.15 to 0.45) | 0.66 (0.33 to 0.99) | ＜.001 | |||||
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Threshold of reaction | 4.10 (0.72) | 3.94 (0.72) | −0.10 (−0.25 to 0.07) | 0.21 (−0.11 to 0.54) | .25 | |||||
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6 months | |||||||||||
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Surgency | 5.03 (0.96) | 4.74 (1.01) | −0.16 (−0.32 to 0.01) | 0.29 (−0.05 to 0.63) | .07 | |||||
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Negative affect | 3.82 (1.20) | 4.00 (1.29) | .06 (−0.11 to 0.23) | 0.15 (−0.19 to 0.48) | .51 | |||||
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Effortful control | 5.10 (0.85) | 4.80 (1.02) | −0.16 (−0.33 to 0.003) | 0.32 (−0.12 to 0.66) | .05 | |||||
| Development behaviors | ||||||||||||
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6 weeks | |||||||||||
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Communication | 43.33 (12.33) | 39.62 (15.34) | −0.13 (−0.30 to 0.05) | 0.27 (−0.07 to 0.61) | .14 | |||||
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Gross motor | 51.88 (11.08) | 51.46 (10.85) | −0.02 (−0.20 to 0.15) | 0.04 (−0.30 to 0.38) | .81 | |||||
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Fine motor | 47.03 (10.34) | 44.62 (11.33) | −0.13 (−0.30 to 0.04) | 0.22 (−0.12 to 0.56) | .12 | |||||
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Problem-solving | 48.99 (11.03) | 46.54 (13.58) | −0.11 (−0.28 to 0.07) | 0.20 (−0.14 to 0.54) | .21 | |||||
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Personal-social | 45.43 (11.59) | 44.08 (11.62) | −0.06 (−0.23 to 0.12) | 0.12 (−0.22 to 0.46) | .51 | |||||
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6 months | |||||||||||
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Communication | 51.45 (8.79) | 49.35 (11.18) | −0.10 (−0.27 to 0.07) | 0.21 (−0.13 to 0.55) | .26 | |||||
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Gross motor | 44.78 (12.59) | 42.02 (15.03) | −0.10 (−0.27 to 0.07) | 0.20 (−0.14 to 0.54) | .26 | |||||
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Fine motor | 48.99 (12.38) | 46.13 (13.56) | −0.11 (−0.29 to 0.06) | 0.22 (−0.12 to 0.56) | .20 | |||||
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Problem-solving | 52.25 (9.95) | 47.34 (13.42) | −0.21 (−0.38 to −0.04) | 0.41 (0.06 to 0.76) | .02 | |||||
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Personal-social | 45.94 (12.65) | 47.77 (16.55) | −0.14 (−0.32 to 0.03) | 0.28 (−0.07 to 0.62) | .11 | |||||
aInfant sex, maternal age, education, and average monthly household income were adjusted for.
b GSH-MBI: guided self-help mindfulness-based intervention.
cAfter the adjustment of false discovery rate, their relationship was still significant.