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(a) Solubility of atraric acid (AA) in various solvents and surfactants. In vitro infiltration of AA using topical formulations (AA–TFs) into an artificial membrane; (b) Cumulative drug permeation for the initial first hour; and (c) Flux of AA in ethanol or AA–TFs. Values are presented as mean ± SDs (n = 4 for each group).
