Efficacy of in vivo hair regrowth using once-daily topical treatment of 1% atraric acid (AA) in ethanol (EtOH), AA–TF#15, and 1% minoxidil topical solution, or once-a-day oral administration of finasteride (10 mg/kg) in androgenic alopecia mice: (a) Time-course curve of the dorsal skin area showing a pink color (telogen); (b) Time-course curve of changes in dorsal skin color from pink to black, indicating hair regrowth (anagen); (c) Time-course curve of hair growth on dorsal skin. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to control (normal); #
p < 0.05, ##
p < 0.01, ###
p < 0.001 compared to control (androgenic alopecia); $
p < 0.05, $$$
p < 0.001, compared to minoxidil (1%); @
p < 0.05, @@
p < 0.01, @@@
p < 0.001 compared to AA in EtOH (1%); &
p < 0.05, &&&
p < 0.001 compared to AA–TF#15 (1%). Values are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 8 for each group); (d) Representative photographs of mouse dorsal skin showing hair regrowth at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 days after treatment.