Expression of ALDH-1, β-catenin, cyclin D1, and PKM2 proteins in the dorsal skin of mice at 18 days after treatment: (a) Western blot analyses of ALDH-1, β-catenin, cyclin D1, and PKM2 proteins; (b) Relative protein levels of ALDH-1, β-catenin, cyclin D1, and PKM2 in the skin using α-tubulin and actin as loading controls. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to control (normal); #
p < 0.05, ###
p < 0.001 compared to control (androgenic alopecia); $
p < 0.05, $$
p < 0.01, $$$
p < 0.001 compared to orally administered finasteride; @
p < 0.05, @@
p < 0.01, @@@
p < 0.001 compared to minoxidil (1%); &
p < 0.05, &&&
p < 0.001 compared to AA in EtOH (1%). Values are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4 for each group).