Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% CI) of all-cause mortality according to lean mass distribution
| Events/total | Mortality rate (per 1000 person-year) | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| h (95%CI) | P | HR (95%CI) | P | |||
| Upper limb lean mass | ||||||
| Q1 | 318/1012 | 22.49 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 173/1010 | 12.26 | 0.62 (0.49, 0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.57 (0.43, 0.75) | < 0.001 |
| Q3 | 128/1010 | 9.07 | 0.44 (0.33, 0.59) | < 0.001 | 0.43 (0.32, 0.58) | < 0.001 |
| Q4 | 106/1010 | 7.51 | 0.35 (0.27, 0.47) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.27, 0.51) | < 0.001 |
| Q5 | 101/1010 | 7.16 | 0.41 (0.29, 0.58) | < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.24, 0.45) | < 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) | 0.022 | 0.41 (0.33, 0.51) | < 0.001 | ||
| Lower limb lean mass | ||||||
| Q1 | 309/1012 | 21.85 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 181/1010 | 12.83 | 0.54 (0.43, 0.68) | < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.43, 0.71) | < 0.001 |
| Q3 | 142/1010 | 10.06 | 0.40 (0.32, 0.49) | < 0.001 | 0.45 (0.34, 0.59) | < 0.001 |
| Q4 | 116/1010 | 8.22 | 0.38 (0.28, 0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.40 (0.29, 0.55) | < 0.001 |
| Q5 | 78/1010 | 5.53 | 0.32 (0.23, 0.44) | < 0.001 | 0.30 (0.23, 0.40) | < 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) | 0.001 | 0.54 (0.47, 0.64) | < 0.001 | ||
| U-L ratio | ||||||
| Q1 | 199/1012 | 14.07 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 132/1010 | 9.35 | 0.63 (0.43, 0.92) | 0.016 | 0.58 (0.38, 0.89) | 0.012 |
| Q3 | 172/1010 | 12.19 | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) | 0.528 | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) | 0.188 |
| Q4 | 159/1010 | 11.27 | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.042 | 0.57 (0.43, 0.75) | < 0.001 |
| Q5 | 164/1010 | 11.62 | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) | 0.041 | 0.56 (0.39, 0.80) | 0.001 |
| P for trend | 0.125 | < 0.001 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.15) | 0.367 | 0.75 (0.64, 0.87) | < 0.001 | ||
| Trunk lean mass | ||||||
| Q1 | 233/1012 | 16.48 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 161/1010 | 11.41 | 0.58 (0.44, 0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.64 (0.48, 0.85) | 0.002 |
| Q3 | 158/1010 | 11.20 | 0.64 (0.48, 0.86) | 0.003 | 0.65 (0.45, 0.92) | 0.017 |
| Q4 | 146/1010 | 10.35 | 0.60 (0.46, 0.79) | < 0.001 | 0.58 (0.42, 0.80) | 0.001 |
| Q5 | 128/1010 | 9.07 | 0.53 (0.39, 0.73) | < 0.001 | 0.49 (0.32, 0.75) | 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 0.554 | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | < 0.001 | ||
| Total lean mass | ||||||
| Q1 | 275/1012 | 19.45 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 173/1010 | 12.26 | 0.55 (0.41, 0.73) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.42, 0.76) | < 0.001 |
| Q3 | 143/1010 | 10.13 | 0.49 (0.37, 0.64) | < 0.001 | 0.50 (0.37, 0.67) | < 0.001 |
| Q4 | 136/1010 | 9.63 | 0.49 (0.38, 0.65) | < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.33, 0.67) | < 0.001 |
| Q5 | 99/1010 | 7.02 | 0.41 (0.29, 0.59) | < 0.001 | 0.34 (0.23, 0.50) | < 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.074 | 0.55 (0.45, 0.66) | < 0.001 | ||
| Android lean mass | ||||||
| Q1 | 179/1012 | 12.66 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 163/1010 | 11.55 | 0.70 (0.51, 0.96) | 0.027 | 0.67 (0.46, 0.99) | 0.043 |
| Q3 | 160/1010 | 11.34 | 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) | 0.037 | 0.79 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.097 |
| Q4 | 158/1010 | 11.19 | 0.64 (0.47, 0.88) | 0.005 | 0.63 (0.42, 0.94) | 0.023 |
| Q5 | 166/1010 | 11.76 | 0.79 (0.57, 1.09) | 0.147 | 0.77 (0.50, 1.19) | 0.237 |
| P for trend | 0.194 | 0.222 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.17) | 0.338 | 0.96 (0.80, 1.15) | 0.674 | ||
| Gynoid lean mass | ||||||
| Q1 | 335/1012 | 23.69 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 171/1010 | 12.12 | 0.47 (0.36, 0.61) | < 0.001 | 0.50 (0.39, 0.65) | < 0.001 |
| Q3 | 139/1010 | 9.85 | 0.40 (0.33, 0.50) | < 0.001 | 0.42 (0.32, 0.54) | < 0.001 |
| Q4 | 107/1010 | 7.58 | 0.36 (0.27, 0.48) | < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.25, 0.53) | < 0.001 |
| Q5 | 74/1010 | 5.24 | 0.29 (0.20, 0.42) | < 0.001 | 0.26 (0.17, 0.39) | < 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.38, 0.58) | < 0.001 | ||
| A-G ratio | ||||||
| Q1 | 41/1012 | 2.90 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Q2 | 59/1010 | 4.18 | 1.06 (0.73, 1.54) | 0.760 | 1.02 (0.69, 1.51) | 0.924 |
| Q3 | 108/1010 | 7.65 | 1.24 (0.80, 1.93) | 0.342 | 1.11 (0.67, 1.86) | 0.681 |
| Q4 | 204/1010 | 14.46 | 2.32 (1.50, 3.58) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.08, 2.96) | 0.023 |
| Q5 | 404/1010 | 28.63 | 4.81 (3.32, 6.95) | < 0.001 | 3.16 (1.98, 5.03) | < 0.001 |
| P for trend | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| As continuous (per SD) | 1.83 (1.67, 2.01) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.42, 1.72) | < 0.001 | ||
Model 1 was adjusted for age
Model 2 was adjusted for, age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family income-poverty ratio level, hypertension, CHD, diabetes, cancer, smoke, covered by health insurance, alcohol, BMI, waist, muscle strengthening activities, HEI 2015
All quintiles (Q1–5) were represented by sex-specific quintiles. Results presented with bold valued were statistically significant with all p value < 0.05