Table 2.
NSAID application in periodontal tissue engineering and regeneration
| Year | Drug | Material | Study type | In vivo design | Outcome | Mechanism | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | SA/diflunisal | PAE | in vivo | Rat calvarial bone defect model | Relieved inflammation around implants | Anti-inflammation | [114] |
| 2013 | SA | PAE | in vivo | Rat mandibular bone defect model | Enhanced bone regeneration | Anti-inflammation | [115] |
| 2018 | Ibuprofen | PCL | in vitro & in vivo | Mouse periodontitis model | Improved CAL and inhibited bone destruction | Anti-inflammation; inhibited migration of ECs and FBs | [116] |
| 2018 | Diclofenac | Alginate/CS hydrogel fibers | in vitro | – | Enhanced bone osteogenesis and relieved inflammation | Anti-inflammation | [120] |
| 2011 | Aspirin + omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids | DFDBA | clinical | Randomized controlled trial (a total of 40 patients) | Improved CAL, probing depth, gingival index, and gingival bleeding index at 6-month follow-up | Anti-inflammation | [117] |
| 2011 | Aspirin | Heprasil/Gelin-S hydrogel | in vivo | Rat calvarial bone defect model | Enhanced bone regeneration | Modulation of T cells | [126] |
| 2017 | Aspirin | HA/TCP | in vitro & in vivo | Rat mandibular bone defect model | Enhanced bone regeneration | Inhibited M1 polarization of macrophages | [121] |
| 2018 | Aspirin | Bio-Oss® | in vitro & in vivo | Rat calvarial bone defect model | Enhanced bone regeneration | Improved osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs | [129] |
| 2019 | Aspirin | Liposomes/PCL | in vitro & in vivo | Subcutaneous implantation in nude mice | Enhanced bone regeneration | Anti-inflammation; improved osteogenic differentiation of MSCs | [135] |
| 2019 | Aspirin + EPO | CS/b-GP/gelatin hydrogel | in vivo | Rat periodontitis model | Improved CAL and inhibited bone destruction | Anti-inflammation | [137] |
| 2019 | Aspirin | HA/TCP & hydrogel | in vitro & in vivo | Rat mandibular bone defect model | Enhanced bone regeneration | Inhibited osteoclastogenic differentiation of DCs | [139] |
| 2020 | Aspirin | Sr-α-CSH/n-HA | in vitro & in vivo | Rat tibial bone defect model | Enhanced bone regeneration | Improved osteogenic differentiation, proliferation, and migration of BMSCs | [134] |
| 2022 | Aspirin | Tetra-PEG-CS composite gel | in vitro & in vivo | Rat calvarial bone defect model | Enhanced bone regeneration | Enhanced M2 polarization of macrophages; improved osteogenic differentiation and proliferation of PDLSCs | [136] |
CAL, clinical attachment level; CS, chitosan; DCs, dendric cells; DFDBA, demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft; DPSCs, dental pulp stem cells; ECs, epithelial cells; FBs, fibroblasts; HA, hydroxyapatite; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; PAE, poly(anhydride-ester); PCL, polycaprolactone; PDLSCs, periodontal ligament stem cells; PEG, poly(ethylene glycol); SA, salicylic acid; Sr-α-CSH/n-HA, Strontium (Sr)-containing α-hemihydrate calcium sulfate/nano-hydroxyapatite; TCP, tricalcium phosphate