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. 2023 Feb 4;28(4):1527. doi: 10.3390/molecules28041527

Table 2.

Performance of niobium-based catalysts for conversion of cellulose into different products—from 2010 to date.

Entry Catalyst Solvent t
(h)
T
(°C)
Product C
(%)
S
(%)
Y
(%)
Experimental Conditions Ref.
1 NbOPO4/Ru (pH 2) water 24 160 sorbitol 100 69 69 0.24 g cellulose mixed with 0.1 g catalyst and ball-milled for 10 h, 30 mL water, 4 MPa H2, Ru loading = 5 wt%; pH = 2 [85]
2 NbOPO4/Ru (pH 2) water 24/18 170/230 isosorbide - - 57 First step: 0.24 g cellulose, 15.0 g H2O and 0.1 g Ru/NbOPO4, 170 °C, 4 MPa H2 for 24 h; Second step: the cellulose-derived sorbitol and sorbitan aqueous; 0.1 g NbOPO4, 230 °C, 1 MPa N2 for 18 h. Ru loading = 5 wt% [86]
3 NbOPO4 (pH 7) MIBK/ water 1 140 HMF - - 16 0.5 g cellulose, 10 mL of reaction solution, MIBK/
Water = 70:30, v/v. MIBK = methyl isobutyl ketone
[87]
4 NbOx/ZrO2 water 5 200 HMF 52 31 16 10 g L−1 cellulose, 10 g L−1 catalyst, volume = 45 mL, PAr = 10 bar, 1500 rpm (pH 3.6) [88]
5 Nb2O5 water 3 200 HMF - - 19 10 wt% celulose; 1 wt% catalyst [89]
6 Nb-SBA15 THF/H2O 8 170 HMF 94 54 51 0.10 g catalyst; 0.10 g cellulose; 6 mL THF + 2 mL H2O saturated with NaCl [90]
7 Nb2O5/C THF/H2O 8 170 HMF 91 58 53 0.1 g cellulose, 0.2 g Nb/C-50 catalyst, 2 mL water
saturated with NaCl, 6 mL THF
[91]
8 25Nb@AlF3 water 2 180 Lactic acid 43 40 17 5 mL water, 0.16 g cellulose, 0.06 g catalyst [92]
9 Preboiled 25Nb@AlF3 water 2 180 Lactic acid 34 79 27 5 mL of water, 0.16 g of cellulose, 0.06 g of catalyst, 1000 rpm [93]
10 Al-NbOPO4 water 24 180 Levulinic acid >90 - 53 0.5 g cellulose, 0.4 g catalyst, 10 g H2O [94]
11 NbOPO4 (pH 1) Methanol 24 180 Methyl levulinate 98 58 57 0.5 g of cellulose, 0.0004 mol of acid catalysts, 10 g of 95% methanol [95]
12 Mesoporous Nb-doped WO3 water 3 225 Ethylene glycol 95 40 38 0.3 g cellulose, 0.05 g retro-aldol catalyst, 0.01 g 5 wt% Ru/C (1 wt% Ru w.r.t. WO3), 40 mL H2O, 45 bar H2, 600 rpm [96]
13 HNbMoO6 - 4 25 Water-soluble sugars 100 72 72 microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel 0.4 g), solid additive (0.4 g), 600 rpm [97]
14 NbOPO4/Pt cyclohexane 20 190 hexane - - 72 5 MPa H2; 0.2 g cellulose, 0.2 g catalyst, and 6.46 g cyclohexane [98]