Table 2.
Entry | Catalyst | Solvent | t (h) |
T (°C) |
Product | C (%) |
S (%) |
Y (%) |
Experimental Conditions | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | NbOPO4/Ru (pH 2) | water | 24 | 160 | sorbitol | 100 | 69 | 69 | 0.24 g cellulose mixed with 0.1 g catalyst and ball-milled for 10 h, 30 mL water, 4 MPa H2, Ru loading = 5 wt%; pH = 2 | [85] |
2 | NbOPO4/Ru (pH 2) | water | 24/18 | 170/230 | isosorbide | - | - | 57 | First step: 0.24 g cellulose, 15.0 g H2O and 0.1 g Ru/NbOPO4, 170 °C, 4 MPa H2 for 24 h; Second step: the cellulose-derived sorbitol and sorbitan aqueous; 0.1 g NbOPO4, 230 °C, 1 MPa N2 for 18 h. Ru loading = 5 wt% | [86] |
3 | NbOPO4 (pH 7) | MIBK/ water | 1 | 140 | HMF | - | - | 16 | 0.5 g cellulose, 10 mL of reaction solution, MIBK/ Water = 70:30, v/v. MIBK = methyl isobutyl ketone |
[87] |
4 | NbOx/ZrO2 | water | 5 | 200 | HMF | 52 | 31 | 16 | 10 g L−1 cellulose, 10 g L−1 catalyst, volume = 45 mL, PAr = 10 bar, 1500 rpm (pH 3.6) | [88] |
5 | Nb2O5 | water | 3 | 200 | HMF | - | - | 19 | 10 wt% celulose; 1 wt% catalyst | [89] |
6 | Nb-SBA15 | THF/H2O | 8 | 170 | HMF | 94 | 54 | 51 | 0.10 g catalyst; 0.10 g cellulose; 6 mL THF + 2 mL H2O saturated with NaCl | [90] |
7 | Nb2O5/C | THF/H2O | 8 | 170 | HMF | 91 | 58 | 53 | 0.1 g cellulose, 0.2 g Nb/C-50 catalyst, 2 mL water saturated with NaCl, 6 mL THF |
[91] |
8 | 25Nb@AlF3 | water | 2 | 180 | Lactic acid | 43 | 40 | 17 | 5 mL water, 0.16 g cellulose, 0.06 g catalyst | [92] |
9 | Preboiled 25Nb@AlF3 | water | 2 | 180 | Lactic acid | 34 | 79 | 27 | 5 mL of water, 0.16 g of cellulose, 0.06 g of catalyst, 1000 rpm | [93] |
10 | Al-NbOPO4 | water | 24 | 180 | Levulinic acid | >90 | - | 53 | 0.5 g cellulose, 0.4 g catalyst, 10 g H2O | [94] |
11 | NbOPO4 (pH 1) | Methanol | 24 | 180 | Methyl levulinate | 98 | 58 | 57 | 0.5 g of cellulose, 0.0004 mol of acid catalysts, 10 g of 95% methanol | [95] |
12 | Mesoporous Nb-doped WO3 | water | 3 | 225 | Ethylene glycol | 95 | 40 | 38 | 0.3 g cellulose, 0.05 g retro-aldol catalyst, 0.01 g 5 wt% Ru/C (1 wt% Ru w.r.t. WO3), 40 mL H2O, 45 bar H2, 600 rpm | [96] |
13 | HNbMoO6 | - | 4 | 25 | Water-soluble sugars | 100 | 72 | 72 | microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel 0.4 g), solid additive (0.4 g), 600 rpm | [97] |
14 | NbOPO4/Pt | cyclohexane | 20 | 190 | hexane | - | - | 72 | 5 MPa H2; 0.2 g cellulose, 0.2 g catalyst, and 6.46 g cyclohexane | [98] |