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. 2023 Feb 4;28(4):1527. doi: 10.3390/molecules28041527

Table 7.

Performance of niobium-based catalysts for conversion of glycerol into different products—from 2010 to date.

Entry Catalyst Solvent/Reactant t
(h)		 T
(°C)		 Product C
(%)		 S
(%)		 Y
(%)		 Experimental Conditions Ref.
43 Niobium oxyhydroxide - 6 250 allyl alcohol 91 46 42 Catalyst loading = 2.5 mg/mL; Oxidant = H2O2
Concentrated glycerol volume = 20 mL.		 [184]
24 Au/Nb2O5 crystalline
Au/Nb2O5 amorphous		 Water 5 60 glyceric acid 67
31		 47
55		 31
17		 Catalyst loading = 0.2 g; pO2 = 6 bar; 1 M aqueous solution of glycerol; NaOH/glycerol molar ratio = 2. [185]
[187]
25 Au/Nb2O5 Water 5 90 glyceric acid 93 45 42 Catalyst loading = 0.05 g; pO2 = 6 bar; 1 M aqueous solution of glycerol; NaOH/glycerol molar ratio = 2. [186]
20 W-V-Nb-O Water 290 acrylic acid 100 34 34 Feed composition: 2 mol% glycerol, 4 mol% oxygen, 40 mol% water, and 54 mol% helium. [219]
21 W-V-Nb-O Water 37 b 265 acrylic acid 100 50 50 Feed molar ratio O2/Gly/H2O/He = 12/6/40/40, residence time 0.15 s. [220]
22 W2.2V0.5Nb2.3O14
W2.2V0.5Nb2.3O14
H3PO4/W2.2V0.5Nb2.3O14 		Water 5 b 285 acrylic acid 100 46
37
59		 46
37
59		 W/F = 6.7 × 10−3 gcat min L−1
W/F = 1.0 × 10−2 gcat min L−1
W/F = 1.0 × 10−2 gcat min L−1
Catalyst loading = 0.2 g; Flow rate = 80 mL min−1; time on a stream: 1–2 h; water/glycerol molar ratio = 5; composition of reaction gas: Glycerol/O2/N2/H2O = 5/14/56/25 (mol%).		 [188]
[209]
23 20CsPW-Nb + VMo-SiC Water 70 b 300 acrylic acid 100 75 75 Catalyst loading (two-bed system) = 0.50 g 20CsPW-Nb, 0.5 g VMo-SiC
40 mL/min gas flow rate (O2 = 6 mL/min), 20 wt% glycerol solution fed at 0.6 mL/h (0.24 h−1 glycerol WHSV).		 [215]
26 HPMo/Nb2O5 Acetic acid 8 80 monoacetin
diacetin
triacetin		 87 82
17
1		 71
15
1		 Catalyst loading = 5 wt% based on glycerol feed; Acetic acid/glycerol molar ratio = 6. [189]
28 MP-NbSBA-15 a
Si/Nb = 65
SH in MPTMS oxidized to SO3H with H2O2 		Acetic acid 4 150 monoacetin
diacetin
triacetin		 66 11
53
36		 7
35
24		 Catalyst loading = 0.1 g; acetic acid/glycerol molar ratio = 9. [190]
31 Niobium phosphate Acetic acid 1.3 120 monoacetin
diacetin
triacetin		 100 38
49
7		 38
49
7		 Catalyst loading = 2 g; Acetic acid/glycerol molar ratio = 4. [191]
27 MPa-NbSBA-15 a
Si/Nb = 28
SH in MPTMS oxidized to SO3H with H2O2 		Acetic acid 4 150 monoacetin
diacetin
triacetin		 73 10
49
41		 7
36
30		 Catalyst loading = 0.10 g; Acetic acid/glycerol molar ratio = 9. [192]
30 MP/NbPMCF a
SH in MPTMS oxidized to SO3H with H2O2 		Acetic acid 4 150 monoacetin
diacetin
triacetin		 99 11
53
36		 11
52
36		 Catalyst loading = 0.10 g; Acetic acid/glycerol molar ratio = 9. [193]
29 MP-NbMCF a
Si/Nb = 129
SH in MPTMS oxidized to SO3H with H2O2 		Acetic acid 4 150 monoacetin
diacetin
triacetin		 89 11
51
38		 10
45
34		 Catalyst loading = 0.10 g; Acetic acid/glycerol molar ratio = 9. [228]
32 Niobium phosphate Acetic anhydride 1.3 120 triacetin 100 100 100 Catalyst loading = 2 g; Acetic anhydride/glycerol molar ratio = 4. [191]
33 Sulfonated Nb2O5 Tert-butyl alcohol 5 120 mono-tert-butyl-glycerol 95 47 45 Catalyst loading = 5 wt%; TBA/glycerol molar ratio = 4. [194]
34 Amphiphilic Niobium oxyhydroxide Acetone 1 70 solketal 73 95 69 Catalyst loading = 0.2 g; Acetone/glycerol molar ratio = 2; TOF = 1106 h−1. [196]
35 Hydrophobized niobium oxyhydroxide Acetone 1 70 solketal 65 95 62 Catalyst loading = 0.2 g; Acetone/glycerol molar ratio = 4. [196]
37 1Nb/0.05Al oxides Acetone 6 50 solketal 84 98 82 Catalyst loading = 2.7 wt%; Acetone/glycerol molar ratio = 4. [233]
38 Nb/MCF Acetone 3 40 solketal 48 99 47 2 wt% catalyst, 40 mmol glycerol, 80 mmol
acetone
Acetone/glycerol molar ratio = 2.		 [236]
39 Nb-incorporated SBA-16 Acetone 0.7 30 solketal 86 92 79 Acetalization using microwave; Catalyst loading = 0.05 g
25 mL of glycerol/0.02 M acetone; TON = 2200 molecules/Nb site.		 [196]
40 MP-NbMCF a
SH in MPTMS oxidized to SO3H with H2O2 		Acetone 3 40 solketal 80 97 78 2 wt% catalyst, 40 mmol glycerol, 80 mmol
acetone
Acetone/glycerol molar ratio = 2.		 [231]
41 Nb2O5/HUSY zeolite Acetone 3 40 solketal 66 98 65 Catalyst loading = 2 wt%; Acetone/glycerol molar ratio = 2. [197]
36 Nb2O5 treated at (300 °C) Acetone 6 70 solketal 80 92 74 Catalyst loading = 6.4 wt%; Acetone/glycerol molar ratio = 1.5. [198]
42 10% PO43−/8% Nb2O5/MCM Lauric acid 5 110 glycerol monolaurate 96 93 89 Catalyst loading = 0.5 g;
Glycerol/lauric acid molar ratio = 1.		 [199]
1 20 Nb2O5 –SiO2 Water 2
10		 320 acrolein 100
63		 65
52		 - WHSV = 80 h−1 and feed = 30% solution of glycerol in water. [238]
2 Nb-25/SBA-15
Nb2O5/SBA-15
Si/Nb-25/SBA-15		 Water 4 350 acrolein 86
22
64		 40
48
61		 34
11
38		 Catalyst loading = 0.1 g
speed of glycerol dosing: 1 mL/h; Ar flow: 50 mL/min.		 [213]
13 NbOPO4 Water 4–5 320 acrolein 100 87 87 0.20 g catalyst diluted with 3.0 g of quartz; 10 wt% glycerol in water; time on stream = 4–5 h; Flow rate = 0.5 g h−1. [201]
15 50 wt%PO4/Nb2O5 Water 2 240 acrolein 68 72 49 Catalyst loading = 4 g;
Feed composition: 10 wt% glycerol in water.		 [200]
3 Nb/Zr oxides Water 215 300 acrolein 100 71 71 Glycerol aqueous solution (20 wt%); flow rate: 3.8 g h−1; inert gas flow rate: 75 mL min−1; Time on stream after which the conversion decreased by 20%: 215 h. [202]
4 Nb2O5 supported on Zr-doped silica Water 8 235 acrolein 77 45 35 Catalyst weight = 0.50 g diluted with SiC to 3 cm3; Feed composition: 10 wt% glycerol in water; liquid flow: 0.1 mL min−1; N2 flow = 15 mL min−1; Time on stream = 8 h. [203]
10 Nb,W-oxides supported on ZrO2- Water 3 305 acrolein 100 75 75 Catalyst weight = 0.80 g; Feed composition: 20 wt% glycerol in water; liquid flow: 3.6 mL h−1; Ar flow = 15 mL min−1. [204]
12 ZrNbO mixed oxides Water 32 300 acrolein 100 70 70 Catalyst weight = 7.50 g; Feed composition: 20 wt.% glycerol in water; flow rate: 3.8 g h−1; inert gas flow rate = 75 mL min−1. [205]
16 2.5 wt%PO4/W2.8Nb2.2O14 Water 1–2 285 acrolein 100 82 82 Catalyst weight/Flow rate = 2.5 × 10−3 g min mL−1; time on a stream: 1–2 h; water/glycerol molar ratio = 5; composition of reaction gas: Glycerol/O2/N2/H2O = 5/14/56/25 (mol%). [188]
14 Siliconiobium phosphate (NbPSi-0.5) Water 4 250 acrolein 100 76 76 Catalyst loading = 0.3 g; 10 wt% glycerol in water; composition of reaction gas: Glycerol/H2O/N2 = 1.3/53.6/40.2 (mol%); Flow rate = 2.1 mL h−1; GHSV = 14,940 mL g−1 h−1. [214]
11 5% NbWOx/ZrO2 Water 3–4 290 acrolein 99 71 70 Catalyst loading = 0.3 g; GHSV = 1171 h−1; 60 mL min−1 N2 flow rate; time on a stream: 3–4 h; 10 wt% glycerol in water. [206]
5 8 wt% Nb2O5 supported on Zr-doped silica and treated with H3PO4 Water 2 350 acrolein 100 74 74 Time on stream = 2 h; Catalyst loading: 0.5 g diluted with SiC to 3 cm3 volume; 10 wt% glycerol in water; liquid flow: 0.1 mL min−1; N2 flow = 15 mL min−1. [207]
9 NbW-oxide on Al2O3 Water 3 305 acrolein 100 72 72 Catalyst loading = 0.8 g; Feed: 3.6 mL h−1; aqueous glycerol vaporized in 15 mL min−1 Ar; Time on stream = 3 h. [208]
6 NbW-oxides Water 1 285 acrolein 99 75 74 Catalyst weight = 0.20 g; Flow rate: 80 mL min−1; water/glycerol molar ratio = 5. [209]
7 WNb oxides Water 295 acrolein 100 82 82 glycerol/H2O/O2/He molar ratio of 2/40/4/54, contact time, W/F, of 81 gcat h (molgly)−1. [117]
8 WNb oxides Water - 300 acrolein 100 83 83 81 gcat h (molglycerol)−1; glycerol/water/O2/He molar ratio = 2/40/4/54 [241]
18 Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/Nb2O5 Water 9–10 320 acrolein 94 77 72 Glycerol concentration = 0.2 g g−1; N2/O2 flow rate = 18 mL min−1; N2/O2 = 5/1(L/L); time on stream = 9–10 h. [211]
17 H3PW12O40/Nb2O5 Water 9–10 325 acrolein 100 89 89 Catalyst weight = 0.30 g; Feed = 0.5 mL h−1; N2 flow rate = 10 mL min−1; 10 wt.% glycerol in water. [212]
19 Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40/Nb2O5 Water 10 300 acrolein 96 83 80 Catalyst loading = 0.50 g; glycerol/H2O/N2/O2 molar ratio = 1/2/68/12; flow rate = 0.6 mL h−1; 20 wt% glycerol in water; time on stream = 10 h. [215]
44 Pt/Nb2O5 Water 1 140 1,2-propanediol 50 88 44 PH2 = 50 bar; Catalyst loading = 0.75 g; 1.50 g Amberlyst 15; 20% glycerol in water. [220]
45 Pt/Nb-WOx Water 12 160 1,3-propanediol 50 28 14 PH2 = 5 MPa; Catalyst loading = 0.30 g; 5 wt% glycerol in water (12 mL). [215]
46 Ni/Nb2O5/Al2O3 Water 30 500 H2 90 60 54 Catalyst loading = 0.15 g; Water/glycerol ratio = 16 [218]

a MPTMS (MP) = (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane. MCF = mesostructured cellular foams, SBA-15 = hexagonally ordered mesoporous silica. b time on stream during which activity and selectivity was stable.