. 2023 Jan 28;11(2):330. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11020330

Table 2.

Effect of clay minerals on microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.

No.	Clay Mineral	Clay Source/ Treatment Method	Degradation Duration ¹	Substrate	Effect	Mechanism of Influence	Aerobic/Anaerobic	Degrader	Reference
1	Mix	Collected	56 d	Crude oil	Stimulation for SHs, Neutral for AHs	Increase biological accessibility	Aerobic	Microbial community	[19]
2	Kao	Purchased	24 d	Heavy oil in the environment	Stimulation	C-O-Na-Si stimulates metabolism	Aerobic	Microbial community	[20]
3	Mon	Collected	105 d	Heavy oil in the environment	Stimulation	Stimulate growth and buffer pH	Aerobic	Pseudomonas aeruginosa + Microbial community	[21]
3	Kao	Collected	105 d	Heavy oil in the environment	Stimulation	Stimulate growth and buffer pH	Aerobic	Pseudomonas aeruginosa + Microbial community	[21]
4	Mon	Collected	36 mon	Heavy oil in the environment	Stimulation	Stimulate growth and buffer pH, C-O-Na-Si stimulates metabolism	Aerobic	Microbial community	[22]
	Mon				Stimulation
	Kao-low				Stimulation
	Kao-high				Overall inhibition, inhibition for SHs and AHs, stimulation for Rs and As	Low SSA and CEC
5	Ver	Purchased	20 d	Naphthalene, Anthracene	Stimulation	Protect from toxicity	Aerobic	Microbial community	[23]
6	Mon	Purchased	60 d	Crude oil	Stimulation	Adsorbent	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[24]
	Mon-Org	Modified by DDDMA bromide			Neutral	Poor adsorption
	Mon-Acid	HCl modified			Neutral	Poor adsorption
	Mon-Na	NaCl modified			Stimulation	Adsorbent
	Mon-K	KCl modified			Neutral	Poor adsorption
	Mon-Ca	CaCl₂ modified			Stimulation	Poor adsorption
	Mon-Fe	FeCl₃ modified			Stimulation	Poor adsorption
7	Mon	Purchased	21 d	SHs in crude oil	Stimulation	High SSA	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[25]
	Mon-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition	Low pH
	Mon-Org	DDDMA bromide modified			Inhibition	Adsorption is blocked and local bridging effect are weakened
	Pal	Collected			Stimulation	High SSA
	Pal-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition	Low pH
	Sap	Collected			Neutral	/
	Sap-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition	Low pH
	Sap-Org	DDDMA bromide modified			Inhibition	/
	Kao	Purchased			Inhibition	No local bridging effect, Low SSA
	Kao-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition	Low pH
8	Mon-Na	Purchased	60 d	Crude oil	Stimulation	High SSA and CEC	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[26]
	Mon-Org	Modified by DDDMA bromide			Inhibition	Hydrophobicity
	Sap	Collected			Stimulation	High SSA and CEC
	Sap-Org	Modified by DDDMA bromide			Neutral	Hydrophobicity
9	Kao	Purchased	60 d	Crude oil	Inhibition	Low SSA and CEC	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[27]
	Pal	Collected			Stimulation	High SSA and CEC
	Sap	Collected			Neutral	/
	Mon	Purchased			Stimulation	High SSA and CEC
	Kao-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition	Reduce pH to form biological toxicity
	Pal-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition
	Sap-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition
	Mon-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition
10	Mon	Purchased	60 d	Crude oil	Stimulation	/	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[28]
	Mon-Na	NaCl modified			Stimulation	SSA, CEC
	Mon-K	KCl modified			Inhibition	Adsorbent
	Mon-Mg	MgCl₂ modified			/	/
	Mon-Ca	CaCl₂ modified			Stimulation	SSA, CEC
	Mon-Zn	ZnCl₂ modified			Inhibition	Adsorbent
	Mon-Al	AlCl₃ modified			Inhibition	Increase acidity
	Mon-Cr	CrCl₃ modified			Inhibition	Adsorb and increase acidity
	Mon-Fe	FeCl₃ modified			Stimulation	CEC
11	Mon	Purchased	60 d	Phenanthrene and dibenzothiophene compounds	Stimulation	/	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[29]
	Mon-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition
	Mon-Org	Modified by DDDMA bromide			Stimulation
	Mon-Na	NaCl modified			Stimulation
	Mon-K	KCl modified			Inhibition
	Mon-Ca	CaCl₂ modified			Stimulation
	Mon-Zn	ZnCl₂ modified			Inhibition
	Mon-Cr	CrCl₃ modified			Inhibition
	Mon-Fe	FeCl₃ modified			Stimulation
12	Mon-Na	NaCl modified	60 d	AHs in crude oil	Stimulation	SSA, CEC	Aerobic	Microbial community	[30]
	Mon-K	KCl modified			Inhibition	Adsorption and hydrophobic siloxane surface exposure
	Mon-Mg	MgCl₂ modified			Stimulation	High SSA and CEC, Local bridging effect
	Mon-Ca	CaCl₂ modified			Stimulation	SSA, CEC and local bridging effect
	Mon-Zn	ZnCl₂ modified			Inhibition	Adsorbed aromatic hydrocarbons
	Mon-Al	AlCl₃ modified			Inhibition	Low SSA
	Mon-Cr	CrCl₃ modified			Inhibition	Low SSA
	Mon-Fe	FeCl₃ modified			Stimulation	High SSA
13	Bentonite-Surf + Acid	Surfactant and palmitic acid modified	21 d	Phenanthrene and cadmium contaminated soil	Stimulation	Adsorb cadmium to reduce toxicity	Aerobic	Microbial community	[31]
	Bentonite-Surf	Surfactant modified			Stimulation
	Bentonite	Purchased			Stimulation
14	Calcium bentonite	Collected	30 d/60 d	Crude oil in the environment	Stimulation	High SSA	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[32]
	Fuller soil	Collected			Stimulation
	Kao	Collected			Stimulation
	Eutrophic bentonite	Mixed with nutrients containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium			Stimulation	Fixed nutrients
	Eutrophic fuller soil				Stimulation
	Eutrophic kaolinite				Stimulation
15	Pal	Purchased	5 d	Phenanthrene(C¹⁴)	Stimulation	Stimulate biofilm formation and accommodate extracellular enzymes	Aerobic	Burkholderia sartisoli	[33]
15	Pal-Ther	Thermal modification	5 d	Phenanthrene(C¹⁴)	Stimulation	Reduced cooperation with the phenanthrene	Aerobic	Burkholderia sartisoli	[33]
16	Mon	Collected	21 d	Phenanthrene(C¹⁴)	Stimulation	High SSA and CEC	Aerobic	Burkholderia sartisoli RP007 + Microbial community	[34]
	Mon-Acid	HCl modified			Stimulation	Element release, increase SSA and CEC
	Mon-Alk	NaOH modified			Stimulation	Element release, increase SSA and CEC
	Pal	Purchased			Stimulation	High SSA and CEC
	Pal-Acid	HCl modified			Stimulation	Element release, increase SSA and CEC
	Pal-Alk	NaOH modified			Stimulation	Element release, increase SSA and CEC
17	Mon	Purchased	/	Crude oil	Stimulation	Stimulate contact with nutrients	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[35]
	Sap	Collected			Stimulation	Increase nutrient utilization
	Mon-Org	Modified by didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide			Inhibition for LMW AHs	Adsorbent
	Sap-Org	Modified by didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide			Inhibition for LMW AHs and stimulation for phenanthrene	Adsorbent
18	Mon	Purchased	21 d	AHs in crude oil	Stimulation	High SSA and CEC	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[36]
	Sap	Collected			Stimulation
	Pal	Purchased			Stimulation	Channel structure
	Kao	Purchased			Inhibition	Influence of impurities
	Mon-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition	Decrease pH
	Sap-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition
	Pal-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition
	Kao-Acid	HCl modified			Inhibition
19	Kao	Purchased	48 h	Phenanthrene	Stimulation	Silicon/oxygen atoms stimulate biological effects	Aerobic	Sphingomonas sp. GY2B	[37]
19	Quartz	Purchased	48 h	Phenanthrene	Stimulation	Silicon/oxygen atoms stimulate biological effects	Aerobic	Sphingomonas sp. GY2B	[37]
20	Nontronite	Collected	37 d	Crude oil	Stimulation	Stimulate ion exchange and nutrient absorption	Aerobic	Alcanivorax borkumensis	[38]
21	Bentonite	Purchased	70 d	AHs and cadmium contaminated soil	Stimulation	Adsorption of heavy metals	Aerobic + Anaerobic	Microbial community	[39]
	Bentonite- Surf	Modified by Arquad			Stimulation	Improve biological activity
	Bentonite- Surf + Acid	Modified by Arquad and palmitic acid			Stimulation	Adsorb cadmium to reduce toxicity
22	Pal	Collected	2 mon	Crude oil contaminated soil	Neutral	/	Aerobic	Microbial community	[40]
22	Pal-Org	Modified by DDTMA bromide	2 mon	Crude oil contaminated soil	Neutral	/	Aerobic	Microbial community	[40]
23	Illite	Purchased	56 d	Heavy oil	Inhibition for all SHs and 50 AHs, stimulation for 45 AHs	Adsorption and cation-π	Aerobic	Pseudomonas stutzeri	This study

Note: Kao-low is low defect kaolinite; Kao-high is high defect kaolinite; Bentonite-Surf + Acid is surfactant and acid modified bentonite; Bentonite-Surf is surfactant modified bentonite; Pal-Ther is thermal modification palygorskite; Mon-Alk is alkali modified montmorillonite; Pal-Alk is alkali modified palygorskite; Pal-Org is organically modified palygorskite; DDDMA is didecyldimethylammonium; DDTMA is dodecyltrimethylammonium; LMW is low molecular weight. See Table 1 for the other abbreviations; ¹. h stands for hour, d stands for day, mon stands for month; / Indicates that there is no relevant information in the literature.