Table 2.
Changes in refractive and visual parameters over six months based on linear mixed models.
| Treatment Groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement | Placebo † | Low-Dose (0.01% Atropine) ‡ |
Loading Dose (0.1% to 0.01% Atropine) ‡ |
| AL, mm | |||
| Baseline § | 24.60 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | 0.10 (0.07 to 0.13) | −0.03 (−0.06 to 0.00) | −0.08 (−0.12 to −0.05) |
| p value/adj-P value || | NA | 0.05/0.12 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| 6-month change | 0.21 (0.16 to 0.25) | −0.06 (−0.11 to −0.01) | −0.13 (−0.18 to −0.07) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.02/0.06 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| SE, D | |||
| Baseline § | −2.99 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | −0.20 (−0.32 to −0.07) | 0.17 (0.03 to 0.31) | 0.34 (0.20 to 0.48) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.02/0.05 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| 6-month change | −0.37 (−0.52 to −0.21) | 0.16 (−0.02 to 0.34) | 0.40 (0.22 to 0.57) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.08/0.16 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| Photopic pupil size, mm | |||
| Baseline § | 2.73 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | 0.02 (−0.23 to 0.27) | 0.18 (−0.11 to 0.48) | 1.85 (1.55 to 2.15) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.22/0.35 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| 6-month change | −0.06 (−0.28 to 0.16) | 0.20 (−0.06 to 0.45) | 1.83 (1.58 to 2.09) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.13/0.23 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| Mesopic pupil size, mm | |||
| Baseline § | 4.13 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | 0.09 (−0.22 to 0.39) | 0.29 (−0.06 to 0.64) | 2.02 (1.67 to 2.38) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.10/0.20 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| 6-month change | −0.06 (−0.35 to 0.24) | 0.42 (0.08 to 0.76) | 2.18 (1.84 to 2.52) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.02/0.04 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| Accommodation amplitude, D | |||
| Baseline § | 16.39 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | −1.54 (−3.05 to −0.04) | −1.12 (−2.75 to 0.51) | −5.72 (−7.35 to −4.09) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.18/0.30 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| 6-month change | −2.08 (−3.59 to −0.56) | −0.45 (−1.95 to 1.04) | −4.88 (−6.37 to −3.38) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.55/0.75 | <0.001/<0.001 |
| Distance BCVA, logMAR | |||
| Baseline § | −0.10 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.00 (−0.02 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.06 to −0.01) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.92/>0.99 | < 0.01/0.01 |
| 6-month change | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.04) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.02) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.21/0.34 | 0.46/0.67 |
| Near BCVA, logMAR | |||
| Baseline § | −0.07 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.07) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.11/0.20 | 0.02/0.06 |
| 6-month change | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.07) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.17/0.30 | 0.05/0.11 |
| IOP, mmHg | |||
| Baseline § | 16.1 | ― | ― |
| 3-month change | −0.2 (−1.5 to 1.0) | 0.5 (−0.9 to 1.8) | 1.5 (0.2 to 2.9) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.49/0.68 | 0.03/0.06 |
| 6-month change | 0.8 (−0.4 to 1.9) | −0.7 (−2.1 to 0.6) | 0.0 (−1.3 to 1.3) |
| p value/adj-P value || | ― | 0.26/0.38 | >0.99/>0.99 |
Notes: Changes in refractive and visual parameters from baseline to six-month visit. All estimates are derived from constrained linear mixed models with inherent baseline adjustments. Changes in the placebo group are presented as mean change from baseline (95% CI), while changes in the 0.01% atropine and 0.1% atropine loading dose groups are presented as differences from the placebo group as mean (95% CI). Footnotes: †, presented as mean change from baseline (95% CI); ‡, presented as differences from the placebo group as mean (95% CI); §, the baseline value was the same for all groups; ||, adjusted for false discovery rate. Abbreviations: ACD = anterior chamber depth; adj-P = adjusted P; AL = axial length; BCVA = best-corrected visual acuity; CI = confidence interval; D = diopters; IOP = intraocular pressure; logMAR = logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; SE = spherical equivalent.