Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Before low-calorie diet (n = 215) |
After low-calorie diet (at randomization) (n = 195) |
Estimated changes (n = 195) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Male/Female, n (%) | 80/135 (37/63) | 71/124 (36/64) | |
| Age, years | 42 ± 12 | 43 ± 12 | |
| Hypertensiona, n (%) | 134 (62) | 63 (33) | |
| Pre-diabetesb, n (%) | 96 (45) | 30 (15) | |
| Blood pressure medication, n (%) | 26 (12) | ||
| Lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 14 (6) | ||
| Metabolic syndrome | |||
| Waist circumferencec, cm | 110.6 ± 11.3 | 100.3 ± 10.0 | − 10.6 (− 11.4 to − 9.9) |
| Systolic blood pressurec, mmHg | 132 ± 16 | 122 ± 13 | − 10 (− 12 to − 8) |
| Diastolic blood pressurec, mmHg | 86 ± 9 | 79 ± 8 | − 7 (− 9 to − 6) |
| HDL− cc, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | − 0.1 (− 0.2 to − 0.1) |
| Triglyceridesc, mmol/L | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | − 0.4 (− 0.5 to − 0.3) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.2 ± 0.5 | − 0.5 (− 0.6 to − 0.4) |
| HOMA-IRc,d | 3.9 ± 2.4 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 0.44 (0.41 to 0.48) |
| MetS-Z, score | 0.57 ± 0.59 | 0.06 ± 0.49 | − 0.52 (− 0.58 to − 0.45)*** |
| Body composition | |||
| Body weightc, kg | 109.7 ± 14.9 | 96.7 ± 12.5 | − 13.1 (− 13.7 to − 12.4) |
| BMIc, kg/m2 | 37.0 ± 2.9 | 32.6 ± 2.9 | − 4.4 (− 4.5 to − 4.2) |
| Total fat percentagec, %-points | 41.0 ± 6.1 | 38.6 ± 6.9 | − 2.4 (− 2.6 to − 2.1) |
|
Android fat percentage, %-points Female, %-points Male, %-points |
44.3 ± 4.7 46.0 ± 4.1 41.3 ± 4.2 |
41.4 ± 6.0 44.0 ± 4.8 36.8 ± 5.1 |
− 2.9 (− 3.4 to − 2.5)*** − 2.0 (− 2.5 to − 1.4)*** − 4.6 (− 5.2 to − 3.9)*** |
|
Gynoid fat percentage, %-points Female, %-points Male, %-points |
40.7 ± 7.3 45.0 ± 4.3 32.9 ± 4.6 |
38.9 ± 7.7 43.6 ± 4.6 30.7 ± 4.5 |
− 1.8 (− 2.1 to − 1.5) − 1.5 (− 1.8 to − 1.1) − 2.3 (− 2.8 to − 1.9) |
| Android-gynoid ratio | 1.11 ± 0.16 | 1.09 ± 0.15 | − 0.03 (− 0.04 to − 0.02) |
| Inflammation marker | |||
| hsCRPemg/L | 3.8 (1.6 to 8.4) | 2.4 (1.0 to 5.6) | 0.68 (0.59 to 0.78)*** |
Values are observed mean ± standard deviation. Changes are estimated mean differences (95% confidence intervals). Significance testing was only performed on MetS-Z, android fat percentage, and hsCRP. The results are adjusted for age group (< / ≥ 40 years) and sex
MetS-Z metabolic syndrome severity score, BMI Body Mass Index, hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
aHypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure > 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 85 mmHg
bPre-diabetes is defined as fasting glucose > 5.6 mmol/L
cOutcomes previously reported [24]
dHOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, calculated as fasting insulin times fasting glucose levels, divided by 22.5. Change is shown as the geometric mean ratio (95% confidence intervals)
eMedian with interquartile range; change in hsCRP is presented as ratio (95% confidence intervals) via back-transformed log-data
***p < 0.001