Table 2.
Changes from randomization to week 52
| Placebo | Exercise | Liraglutide | Combination | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 39) | (n = 26) | (n = 36) | (n = 29) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||
| Waist circumference, cm | 4.6 (2.4 to 6.7) | − 0.3 (− 3.0 to 2.4) | − 1.2 (− 3.5 to 1.0) | − 6.3 (− 8.8 to − 3.8) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 4.3 (− 0.4 to 9.1) | 3.6 (− 2.2 to 9.5) | − 0.7 (− 5.7 to 4.3) | 1.2 (− 4.3 to 6.8) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 3.0 (0.3 to 5.6) | 1.1 (− 2.2 to 4.3) | − 0.4 (− 3.1 to 2.4) | − 0.1 (− 3.2 to 3.0) |
| HDL- c, mmol/L | 0.25 (0.18 to 0.32) | 0.24 (0.16 to 0.32) | 0.26 (0.19 to 0.33) | 0.31 (0.24 to 0.39) |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.2) | 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) | 0.0 (− 0.1 to 0.2) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.6) | 0.1 (− 0.1 to 0.4) | − 0.2 (− 0.4 to 0.0) | − 0.2 (− 0.4 to 0.0) |
| HOMA-IRa | 1.55 (1.32 to 1.82) | 1.19 (0.98 to 1.45) | 1.34 (1.13 to 1.59) | 1.02 (0.85 to 1.23) |
| MetS-Z, score | 0.09 (− 0.06 to 0.23) | − 0.03 (− 0.21 to 0.16) | − 0.28 (− 0.43 to − 0.13)*** § | − 0.39 (− 0.56 to − 0.22)***§ |
|
Participants with Hypertensionb, n (%) |
19 (49) | 12 (46) | 13 (36) | 7 (24) |
| Pre diabetesc, n (%) | 14 (36) | 6 (23) | 3 (8) | 4 (14) |
| Body composition | ||||
| Body weightd, kg | 6.1 (3.4 to 8.7) | 0.7 (− 2.5 to 3.9) | − 1.9 (− 4.6 to 0.8) | − 6.0 (− 9.0 to − 3.0) |
| Total fat percentaged, %-points | 0.3 (− 1.0 to 1.7) | − 1.8 (− 3.2 to − 0.4) | − 1.9 (− 3.1 to − 0.7) | − 3.7 (− 4.9 to − 2.4) |
| Android fat percentage, %-points | 0.1 (− 1.3 to 1.4) | − 2.5 (− 4.2 to − 0.8)**§ | − 2.8 (− 4.2 to − 1.3)**§ | − 6.1 (− 7.7 to − 4.4)***§ |
| Female, %-points | − 0.4 (− 2.2 to 1.4) | − 3.6 (− 5.9 to − 1.4)**§ | − 3.3 (− 5.1 to − 1.5)***§ | − 6.4 (− 8.5 to − 4.4)***§ |
| Male, %-points | 0.8 (− 1.5 to 30) | − 1.0 (− 3.6 to 1.6) | − 1.9 (− 4.3 to 0.5) | − 5.4 (− 8.0 to − 2.8)***§ |
| Gynoid fat percentage, %- points | 0.3 (− 0.6 to 1.2) | − 1.7 (− 2.7 to − 0.6) | − 1.1 (− 2.1 to − 0.2) | − 3.8 (− 4.8 to − 2.8) |
| Female, %-points | 0.0 (− 1.1 to 1.2) | − 1.9 (− 3.4 to − 0.4) | − 1.2 (− 2.4 to 0.0) | − 3.8 (− 5.1 to − 2.4) |
| Male, %-points | 0.7 (− 0.7 to 2.1) | − 1.3 (− 2.9 to 0.4) | − 1.1 (− 2.6 to 0.5) | − 3.8 (− 5.4 to − 2.1) |
| Android-gynoid ratio | − 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.02) | − 0.02 (− 0.04 to 0.01) | − 0.05 (− 0.07 to − 0.02) | − 0.06 (− 0.08 to − 0.03) |
| Inflammation marker | ||||
| hsCRPe | 0.85 (0.61 to 1.20) | 0.82 (0.55 to 1.22) | 0.64 (0.45 to 0.92)* | 0.48 (0.33 to 0.71)***§ |
Per-protocol analysis. Changes are estimated mean differences (95% confidence intervals) within-group. Significance testing was only performed on MetS-Z, android fat percentage, and hsCRP. The results are adjusted for age group (< / ≥ 40 years) and sex
MetS-Z metabolic syndrome severity score. hsCRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
aHOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, calculated as fasting insulin times fasting glucose levels, divided by 22.5. Change is shown as geometric mean ratios (95% confidence intervals)
bHypertension: systolic blood pressure > 130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 85 mmHg
cPre-diabetes: fasting glucose > 5.6 mmol/L
dOutcomes previously reported [24]
eChanges are presented as ratios (95% confidence intervals) via back-transformed log-data
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 within-group
§p < 0.05 vs. placebo (see Fig. 2 for details on between-group changes)