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. 2023 Feb 9;20(4):3061. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043061

Table 2.

Perceived risk of COVID-19 (n = 550).

Item Frequency
n % n % n %
What is your gut feeling about how likely you are to get infected with COVID-19? Very/Extremely Unlikely Somewhat Likely Very/Extremely Likely
96 17.5 180 32.7 274 49.8
Picturing myself getting COVID-19 is something I find Hard/very hard to do Easy to do Extremely/very easy to do
62 11.3 141 25.6 347 63.1
I am sure I will NOT get infected with COVID-19 Agree/strongly agree Somewhat agree Disagree/strongly disagree
98 17.8 78 14.2 374 68.0
I feel I am unlikely to get infected with COVID-19 Agree/strongly agree Somewhat agree Disagree/strongly disagree
143 26.0 108 19.6 299 54.4
I feel vulnerable to COVID-19 infection Strongly disagree/disagree Somewhat agree Agree/strongly agree
191 34.7 155 28.2 204 37.1
I think my chances of getting infected with COVID-19 are Zero/small Moderate Large/very large
78 14.2 157 28.5 315 57.3
Comparison of COVID-19 perceived risk across significant demographic variables (n = 550)
COVID-19 Perceived Risk Mean Difference ±SD 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
Primary school versus no education 3.5 ±0.9 *** 5.6–1.6
Secondary school versus no education 4.1 ±0.8 *** 5.3–1.6
University/college versus no education 4.8 ±0.7 *** 5.4–2.1
ANOVA, f = 9.1 ***, df = 3
Middle income versus low income 1.1 ±0.5 * 2.2–0.9
High income versus low income 1.2 ±0.6 * 2.1–0.3
ANOVA, f = 2.8 *, df = 2

M = 21.5 (±SD = 3.6), minimum = 8, maximum = 30, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001.