Table 2.
Summary of changes in the microbiome associated with interventions.
| N | ID | Genotype | Sex | Intervention | Microbiome | Major Change in Bacteria by Intervention | Metabolites | Effect on Plaque |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berries, Polyphenols, and Alkaloids | ||||||||
| 1 | Chrysoula Matziouridou, 2016 [27] | ApoE−/− | M | lingonberries | Cecum | Akkermansia muciniphila , Blautia producta , Clostridum difficile , and Eubacterium dolichum |
Propionate
Acetate |
Reduced |
| 2 | Jiyun Liu, 2022 [33] | ApoE−/− | F | Lingonberry | Cecum | Akkermansia |
Propionate,
TMAO |
Reduced |
| 3 | McKenzie Clark, 2022 [22] | ApoE−/− | F | gallic acid | Feces | Akkermansia and Dorea | ND | No effect |
| ApoE−/− | M | gallic acid | Feces |
Akkermansia
Eubacterium fissicatena, Turicibacter and Dorea |
ND | Reduced | ||
| 4 | Ming-liang Chen, 2016 [40] | ApoE−/− | F | Resveratrol | Cecum | Bacteroides , Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia | TMAO | Reduced |
| 5 | Fengming Liu, 2021 [31] | ApoE−/− | M | Millet shell polyphenols | Cecum |
Oscillospira
and Ruminococcus
Allobaculum |
ND | Reduced |
| 6 | Feng Wang, 2020 [28] | ApoE−/− | F | Naringin | Feces |
Eubacterium Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, |
TMAO | Reduced |
| 7 | J. Nie, 2019 [29] | LDLR−/− | - | quercetin | Cecum |
Akkermansia
, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides and Ruminococcus
Lactobacillus |
Caecal bile acids | Reduced |
| 8 | Erika Caro-Gómez, 2019 [30] | ApoE−/− | M | Green Coffee Extract | Feces | Desulfovibrio and Mogibacteriaceae | ND | No effect |
| 9 | Kaiyang Lin, 2022 [32] | ApoE−/− | F | geraniin | Colon | Bacteroides , Alloprevotella, Alistipes, and Akkermansia | TMAO | Reduced |
| 10 | Zhen-Lin Liao, 2016 [39] | ApoE−/− | M/F | Tea polyphenols | Feces | Bifidobacterium | ND | Reduced |
| 11 | Shiying Yang, 2021 [37] | ApoE−/− | M | Procyanidin A2 | Feces | Akkermansia, unclassified _f_Prevotellaceae and Coriobacteriaceae_UCG_002 | ND | Reduced |
| 12 | Ming Gao, 2022 [41] | ApoE−/− | - | Gypenoside XLIX | Feces |
Eubacterium, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella
Clostridioides and Desulfovibrionaceae |
TMAO
Butyrate Propionate Acetate |
Reduced |
| 13 | Siddhartha S. Ghosh, 2014 [35] | LDLR−/− | - | Curcumin | - | ND | LPS | Reduced |
| 14 | Lin Zhu, 2018 [23] | ApoE−/− | F | Berberine | Feces |
Akkermansia, Bacteroides
Desulfovibrio spp |
ND | Reduced |
| 15 | Yafei Shi, 2018 [38] | ApoE−/− | M | Berberine | Feces |
Verrucomicrobia
Proteobacteria |
TMAO
|
Reduced |
| 16 | Min Wu, 2020 [34] | ApoE−/− | M | Berberine | Feces |
Turicibacter
and Alistipes (High dose)
Turicibacter, Allobaculum and Blautia (low dose) |
ND | Reduced |
| 17 | Xingxing Li, 2021 [36] | ApoE−/− | F | Berberine | Cecum | Lachnospiraceae NK4A136, Bacteroidales S24-7 (unclassified), Eubacterium, Marvinbryantia, Clostridiales unclassified, Ruminiclostridium 5, PrevotellaceaeNK3B31, Bifidobacterium | TMAO | Reduced |
| Probiotics | ||||||||
| 1 | Jinghui Tang, 2021 [46] | ApoE−/− | F | Enterobacter aerogenes ZDY01 | Cecum | Turicibacter and unidentified_Ruminococcaceae | TMAO | Reduced |
| 2 | Frida Fa°k, 2012 [49] | ApoE−/− | - | Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 1798 | - | ND | ND | No effect |
| 3 | Andrea Mencarelli, 2012 [48] | ApoE−/− | M | VSL#3 | - | ND | ND | Reduced |
| 4 | Tianyi Jiang, 2020 [45] | ApoE−/− | M | Lactobacillus mucosae | Feces | Oscillibacter, Ruminiclostridium , Harryflintia, Enterorhabdus, Anaerovorax, Eubacterium, Turicibacter, Enterococcus, unclassified Ruminococcaceae, unclassified Clostridiales, unclassified Lachnospiraceae | ND | Reduced |
| 5 | Jin Li, 2016 [47] | ApoE−/− | M | Akkermansia muciniphila | - | ND | ND | Reduced |
| 6 | Taiji Mizoguchi, 2016 [43] | ApoE−/− | F | Pediococcus acidilactici | - | ND | ND | Reduced |
| 7 | Yee Kwan Chan, 2016 (1) [44] | ApoE−/− | F | VSL#3 | - | ND | ND | Reduced |
| 8 | Yee Kwan Chan, 2016 (2) [11] | ApoE−/− | F | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG | Colon | Lactobacillus and Clostridum | ND | Reduced |
| 9 | Adil Hassan, 2016 [42] | ApoE−/− | - | Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 14917 | Feces |
Bacteroides
, Bacteroidaceae, Parabacteroides and Tannerellaceae
Desulfovibrionaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae |
ND | Reduced |
N: refers to the number of the study in Table 1; ND: not determined; garnet color indicates increase and blue color indicates reduction.