| OXIDANTS |
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| ROS/RNS |
Macrophages, Neutrophils, Eosinophils Epithelial cells, Myofibroblasts |
Epithelial damage, production of MMP, TGFβ, and ECM |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Anscher et al., 2008; Bai et al., 2018; Castranova et al., 2002; Cheresh et al., 2013; Duke and Bonner, 2018; Kamp, 2009; Kawasaki, 2015; Liu et al., 2013; Malaviya et al., 2012; Murthy et al., 2015; Shukla et al., 2003; Shvedova et al., 2008; Williamson et al., 2015
|
| PROTEASES/INHIBITORS |
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|
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| MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12, MMP-13 |
Epithelial cells, Neutrophils, Macrophages, Endothelial cells, Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes |
ECM degradation, inflammation, aberrant epithelial repair, EMT |
Bleomycin, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Jin et al., 2019; Kolahian et al., 2016; Ma et al., 2012; Malaviya et al., 2010; Qin et al., 2017; Shukla et al., 2007; Venosa et al., 2016; Williamson et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2007; Zuo et al., 2017
|
| TIMP-1, TIMP-2 |
Macrophages, Fibroblasts, Myofibroblasts |
ECM degradation, lung remodeling |
Bleomycin, Silica, Nanoparticles |
Dong and Ma, 2017; Jin et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2012; Qin et al., 2017; Wollin et al., 2014; Zuo et al., 2017
|
| CYTOKINES |
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| TNFα |
Macrophages, Lymphocytes, Epithelial cells, Endothelial cells |
Production of TGFβ, IL-1, IL-6, CXCL8, CCL2, PDGF, GM-CSF, and ECM, fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Bai et al., 2018; Barbarin et al., 2005a; Castranova et al., 2002; Dong and Ma, 2017; Dong et al., 2015; Duke and Bonner, 2018; Hou et al., 2018; Jiang et al., 2015; Kawasaki, 2015; Lakatos et al., 2006; Malaviya et al., 2015; Mishra et al., 2012; Murthy et al., 2015; Qin et al., 2017; Shvedova et al., 2008; Sugimoto et al., 2019; Williamson et al., 2015; Wollin et al., 2014
|
| IL-1 |
Macrophages, Epithelial cells |
Inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, production of IL-6, TNFα, TGFβ, PDGF, and ECM |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Castranova et al., 2002; Chaudhary et al., 2006; Dong et al., 2015; Duke and Bonner, 2018; Haegens et al., 2007; Hoshino et al., 2009; Jiang et al., 2015; Jin et al., 2019; Kolahian et al., 2016; Mishra et al., 2012; Murthy et al., 2015; Nikota et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2017; Re et al., 2014; Shukla et al., 2007; Sugimoto et al., 2019; van den Brule et al., 2014; Wigenstam et al., 2009; Williamson et al., 2015; Wilson et al., 2010; Wollin et al., 2014
|
| IL-6 |
Macrophages, Monocytes, T cells |
Inflammation |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Bai et al., 2018; Chaudhary et al., 2006; Dong et al., 2015; Duke and Bonner, 2018; Haegens et al., 2007; Jin et al., 2019; Mishra et al., 2012; Nikota et al., 2017; Shukla et al., 2007; Shvedova et al., 2008; Sugimoto et al., 2019; van den Brule et al., 2014; Wigenstam et al., 2009; Wollin et al., 2014
|
| IL-13 |
Epithelial cells, Macrophages, Endothelial cells, T cells |
Profibrotic macrophage activation, ECM production |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Chung et al., 2016; Ferreira et al., 2013; Jin et al., 2019; Kolahian et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2004; Lumsden et al., 2015; Shukla et al., 2007; Weinberger et al., 2016; Zhao et al., 2018
|
| IL-17A |
T cells, Macrophages, Neutrophils |
EMT, production of ECM |
Bleomycin, Silica, Mustard vesicants |
Chen et al., 2014; Kolahian et al., 2016; Mi et al., 2011; Mishra et al., 2012; Re et al., 2014; Wilson et al., 2010
|
| GROWTH FACTORS |
|
|
|
|
| TGFβ |
Macrophages, Epithelial cells, Endothelial cells, Myofibroblasts |
Monocyte, and fibroblast recruitment, and activation, myofibroblast differentiation, EMT, production of ROS, and ECM |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Anscher et al., 2008; Chaudhary et al., 2006; Dong and Ma, 2017; Dong et al., 2015; Duke and Bonner, 2018; Jiang et al., 2015; Kolahian et al., 2016; Lakatos et al., 2006; Ma et al., 2017; Ma et al., 2012; McGraw et al., 2018; Mishra et al., 2012; Murthy et al., 2015; Nikota et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2017; Re et al., 2014; Shvedova et al., 2008; Sugimoto et al., 2019
|
| PDGF |
Macrophages, Fibroblasts, Epithelial cells, Endothelial cells |
Myofibroblast, and fibroblast proliferation |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Abdollahi et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2015; Duke and Bonner, 2018; Kolahian et al., 2016; Li et al., 2006; Liu and Brody, 2001; McGraw et al., 2018; Re et al., 2014; Sugimoto et al., 2019; Williamson et al., 2015; Wollin et al., 2014; Wollin et al., 2015
|
| CTGF |
Macrophages, Myofibroblasts |
Myofibroblast proliferation, and activation |
Bleomycin, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Bickelhaupt et al., 2017; Jiang et al., 2015; Lipson et al., 2012; Mishra et al., 2012; Venosa et al., 2016; Williamson et al., 2015
|
| CHEMOKINES |
|
|
|
|
| CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL17, CCL22 |
Macrophages, Epithelial cells, Lymphocytes, Fibroblasts, Endothelial cells |
Monocyte, lymphocyte, and fibroblast recruitment, myofibroblast differentiation, angiogenesis, ECM production |
Bleomycin, Silica, Asbestos, Nanoparticles, Radiation, Mustard vesicants |
Baran et al., 2007; Belperio et al., 2004; Dymacek et al., 2018; Haegens et al., 2007; Inoue et al., 2004; Mishra et al., 2012; Mukherjee et al., 2018; Nikota et al., 2017; Shukla et al., 2007; Sugimoto et al., 2019; Venosa et al., 2016; Williamson et al., 2015
|
| CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL6, CXCL12, CX3CL1 |
Monocytes, Macrophages, Epithelial cells, Fibroblasts |
Neutrophil, and fibroeyte recruitment, fibroblast production of CTGF, angiogenesis |
Bleomycin, Silica, Nanoparticles, Mustard vesicants |
Besnard et al., 2013; Kawasaki, 2015; Lakatos et al., 2006; Mishra et al., 2012; Morimoto et al., 2013; Nikota et al., 2017; Phillips et al., 2004; Shukla et al., 2007; Sugimoto et al., 2019; Venosa et al., 2016; Wollin et al., 2014
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