Table 4.
The results of the linear mixed model analyses with outreach work as outcome variable.
| Model I: Empty Model Coefficient (SE) |
Model II: Practice Structure Coefficient (SE) |
Model III: Burden and Availability of Support Coefficient (SE) |
Model IV: Country Characteristics Coefficient (SE) a |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed part | ||||
| Constant | 0.357 (0.033) *** | 0.344 (0.034) *** | 0.322 (0.035) *** | |
| Practice staff size | ||||
| Number of paid staff members | −0.000 (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) | ||
| GP trainee teaching practice (ref. no) | ||||
| Being a teaching practice: yes | 0.012 (0.007) p = 0.087 |
0.007 (0.007) | ||
| Patient population composition (ref. approximately average) |
||||
| Patients with chronic conditions: below average |
0.001 (0.015) | 0.001 (0.015) | ||
| Patients with chronic conditions: above average |
0.005 (0.007) | 0.005 (0.007) | ||
| Patients with financial problems: below average |
0.008 (0.008) | 0.009 (0.008) | ||
| Patients with financial problems: above average |
0.001 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.009) | ||
| Patients with a psychiatric vulnerability: below average | 0.011 (0.009) | 0.012 (0.009) | ||
| Patients with a psychiatric vulnerability: above average | 0.010 (0.009) | 0.009 (0.009) | ||
| Burden | ||||
| Increased responsibilities during COVID-19 | 0.006 (0.003) p = 0.076 |
|||
| Availability of support (ref. no) | ||||
| Availability of administrative assistant or practice manager: yes | 0.017 (0.008) * | |||
| Availability of paramedical support staff: yes | 0.024 (0.009) ** | |||
| Capitation payment model: yes | −0.009 (0.010) | |||
| Intensity of COVID-19 in the 3 months before country-specific study commencement | ||||
| COVID-19 cases per million population | −0.000 (0.000) | |||
| COVID-19 mortality per million population | 0.000 (0.000) | |||
| Patient list system (ref. no) | ||||
| Availability of patient list system/ patient registration with a GP: yes |
0.067 (0.069) | |||
| Random part | ||||
| Country variance | 0.042 (0.010) | 0.041 (0.010) | 0.041 (0.010) | |
| Practice variance | 0.046 (0.001) | 0.046 (0.001) | 0.046 (0.001) | |
| ICC (%) | 47.7 | 47.1 | 47.1 |
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; SE = standard error; ICC = intra-class correlation; a the explanatory variables on country level have been added one by one due to the relatively small number of countries; coefficients of practice level variables are not reported—they differ only marginally from those in Model III.