Table 2.
Differences in effective connectivity (EC) from Broca’s area to every whole-brain voxel among the three groups.
| Brain Region | MNI Coordinates (X, Y, Z) |
BA | Cluster Size (Voxel) |
F Value | EC Z-Score (Mean ± SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug-Naïve | Medicated | HCs | |||||
| Left HG | −39, −24, 9 | 48 | 47 | 9.75 | 0.26 ± 0.99 c | 0.13 ± 1.40 b | −1.05 ± 0.77 |
| Right putamen | 30, 0, 6 | - | 39 | 10.58 | −0.29 ± 0.61 a | 0.04 ± 0.83 c | −0.86 ± 0.68 |
| ACC | 0, 36, 9 | 32 | 155 | 15.83 | 0.70 ± 1.47 c | 1.07 ± 1.18 c | −1.32 ± 1.64 |
Abbreviations: MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; BA, Brodmann area; SD, standard deviation; drug-naïve, unmedicated benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes; medicated, medicated benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes; HCs, healthy controls; HG, Heschl’s gyrus; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex. Superscripts indicate significance compared with HCs: a p < 0.05, b p < 0.01, c p < 0.001.