Table 3.
Differences in effective connectivity (EC) from every whole-brain voxel to Broca’s area among the three groups.
| Brain Region | MNI Coordinates (X, Y, Z) |
BA | Cluster Size (Voxel) |
F Value | EC Z-Score (Mean ± SD) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Drug-Naïve | Medicated | HCs | |||||
| Left putamen | −18, 6, −6 | - | 33 | 8.20 | −0.39 ± 2.12 b | 1.06 ± 1.55 d | 1.8 ± 2.02 |
| Right putamen | 24, −3, 3 | - | 48 | 8.93 | 0.86 ± 1.56 a | 0.34 ± 1.99 b | 2.47 ± 1.91 |
| Left ACC | 0, 36, 6 | 32 | 37 | 11.24 | −0.55 ± 1.01 b | −0.60 ± 0.84 c | 0.46 ± 0.79 |
Abbreviations: MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; BA, Brodmann area; SD, standard deviation; drug-naïve, unmedicated benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes; medicated, medicated benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes; HCs, healthy controls; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex. Superscripts indicate significance compared with HCs: a p < 0.05, b p < 0.01, c p < 0.001. Significance compared with drug-naïve patients is indicated by d p < 0.05.